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Martin Luther King, Jr. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Martin Luther King (disambiguation), MLK (disambiguation), and MLK, Jr. (disambiguation) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Born Michael King, Jr. January 15, 1929(1929-01-15) Atlanta, Georgia, United States Died April 4, 1968(1968-04-04) (aged 39) Memphis, Tennessee, United States Monuments Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial (planned) Alma mater Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, Boston University Organization Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Influenced by Jesus, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Benjamin Mays, Hosea Williams, Bayard Rustin, Henry David Thoreau, Howard Thurman, Leo Tolstoy Political movement African-American Civil Rights Movement, Peace movement Religion Progressive National Baptist Convention Spouse Coretta Scott King (m. 1953-1968) Children Yolanda Denise-King (deceased) Martin Luther King III Dexter Scott King Bernice Albertine King Parents Martin Luther King, Sr. Alberta Williams King Awards Nobel Peace Prize (1964), Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977, posthumous), Congressional Gold Medal (2004, posthumous) Signature Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement.[1] He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.[2] King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.[3] A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.[4] He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 2 Influences 2.1 Thurman 2.2 Gandhi and Rustin 3 Sermons and speeches 4 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 5 Southern Christian Leadership Conference 5.1 Albany movement 5.2 Birmingham campaign 5.3 St. Augustine and Selma 6 March on Washington, 1963 7 Stance on compensation 8 "Bloody Sunday", 1965 9 Chicago, 1966 10 Opposition to the Vietnam War 11 Poor People's Campaign, 1968 12 Assassination and its aftermath 12.1 Allegations of conspiracy 13 FBI and wiretapping 13.1 Allegations of Communist connections 13.2 Allegations of adultery 14 Legacy 14.1 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 15 Awards and recognition 16 Capital memorial 17 Bibliography 18 See also 19 Notes 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links 22.1 Images 22.2 Speeches and interviews Early life and educationMartin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, the middle child of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King.[5] King's father was born "Michael King", and Martin Luther King, Jr., was originally named "Michael King, Jr.," until the family traveled to Europe in 1934 and visited Germany. His father soon changed both of their names to Martin Luther in honor of the German Protestant leader Martin Luther.[6] King, Jr. had an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King.[7] King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind.[8] King was originally skeptical of many of Christianity's claims.[9] Most striking, perhaps, was his denial of the bodily resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school at the age of thirteen. From this point, he stated, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly."[10] Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. A precocious student, he skipped both the ninth and the twelfth grade and entered Morehouse College at age fifteen without formally graduating from high school.[11] In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951.[12][13] King married Coretta Scott, on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama.[14] They had four children; Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King.[15] King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama when he was twenty-five years old in 1954.[16] King then began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received his Doctor of Philosophy on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation on "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman." A 1980s inquiry concluded portions of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had acted improperly but that his dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship."[17] InfluencesThurmanCivil rights leader, theologian, and educator Howard Thurman was an early influence on King. A classmate of King's father at Morehouse College,[18] Thurman mentored the young King and his friends.[19] Thurman's missionary work had taken him abroad where he had met and conferred with Mahatma Gandhi.[20] When he was a student at Boston University, King often visited Thurman, who was the dean of Marsh Chapel.[21] Walter Fluker, who has studied Thurman's writings, has stated, "I don't believe you'd get a Martin Luther King, Jr. without a Howard Thurman".[22] Gandhi and RustinWith assistance from the Quaker group the American Friends Service Committee and inspired by Gandhi's success with non-violent activism, King visited Gandhi's birthplace in India in 1959.[23] The trip to India affected King in a profound way, deepening his understanding of non-violent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation."[24] African American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin had studied Gandhi's teachings.[25] Rustin counseled King to dedicate himself to the principles of non-violence,[26] served as King's main advisor and mentor throughout his early activism,[27] and was the main organizer of the 1963 March on Washington.[28] Rustin's open homosexuality, support of democratic socialism, and his former ties to the Communist Party USA caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin.[29] Sermons and speechesMain article: Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. All I'm saying is simply this, that all life is interrelated, that somehow we're caught in an inescapable network of mutuality tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. For some strange reason, I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be. You can never be what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the interrelated structure of reality. — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.[30] Throughout his career of service, King wrote and spoke frequently, drawing on his experience as a preacher. His "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963, is a "passionate" statement of his crusade for justice.[31] On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial prejudice in the United States.[32] Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955Main articles: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Jim Crow laws#Public arena, Claudette Colvin, and Rosa Parks In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with the Jim Crow laws. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; because Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, E.D. Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for a better case to pursue.[33] On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat.[34] The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed.[35] The boycott lasted for 385 days,[36] and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed.[37] King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses.[38] Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceIn 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King led the SCLC until his death.[39] On September 20, 1958, while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumstein's department store on 125th Street, in Harlem,[40][41] King was stabbed in the chest by Izola Curry, a deranged black woman with a letter opener, and narrowly escaped death.[42] Gandhi's nonviolent techniques were useful to King's campaign to change the civil rights laws implemented in Alabama.[43] King applied non-violent philosophy to the protests organized by the SCLC. In 1959, he wrote The Measure of A Man, from which the piece What is Man?, an attempt to sketch the optimal political, social, and economic structure of society, is derived.[44] His SCLC secretary and personal assistant in this period was Dora McDonald. The FBI, under written directive from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began telephone tapping King in the Fall of 1963.[45] Concerned that allegations (of Communists in the SCLC), if made public, would derail the Administration's civil rights initiatives, Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspect associations, and later felt compelled to issue the written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[46] J. Edgar Hoover feared Communists were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position.[47] King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the Civil Rights Movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.[48] King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights.[49] Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the law of the United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[50] King and the SCLC put into practice many of the principles of the Christian Left and applied the tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.[51] Albany movementMain article: Albany movement The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia in November, 1961. In December King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel."[52] But the following day he was swept up in a mass arrest of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. "Those agreements", said King, "were dishonored and violated by the city," as soon as he left town.[52] King returned in July 1962, and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine. He chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Chief Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail."[52] After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote non-violence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts.[53] However, it was credited as a key lesson in tactics for the national civil rights movement.[54] Birmingham campaignMain article: Birmingham campaign The Birmingham campaign was a strategic effort by the SCLC to promote civil rights for African Americans. Many of its tactics of "Project C" were developed by Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker, Executive Director of SCLC from 1960–1964. Based on actions in Birmingham, Alabama, its goal was to end the city's segregated civil and discriminatory economic policies. The campaign lasted for more than two months in the spring of 1963. To provoke the police into filling the city's jails to

Martin Luther King: Magic Johnson Shares His Thoughts on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

overflowing, King and black citizens of Birmingham employed nonviolent tactics to flout laws they considered unfair. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said, "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".[55] Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott to pressure businesses to offer sales jobs and other employment to people of all races, as well as to end segregated facilities in the stores. When business leaders resisted the boycott, King and the SCLC began what they termed Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke arrest. After the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, SCLC's strategist, James Bevel, initiated the action and recruited the children for what became known as the "Children's Crusade". During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs to control protesters, including children. Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. By the end of the campaign, King's reputation improved immensely, Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs in Birmingham came down, and public places became more open to blacks.[56] St. Augustine and SelmaKing and SCLC were also driving forces behind the protest in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964.[57] The movement engaged in nightly marches in the city met by white segregationists who violently assaulted them. Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, in December 1964, where SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months.[58] A sweeping injunction issued by a local judge barred any gathering of 3 or more people under sponsorship of SNCC, SCLC, or DCVL, or with the involvement of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at Brown Chapel on January 2, 1965.[59] March on Washington for Jobs and FreedomMarch on Washington, 1963Main article: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom King, representing SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were: Roy Wilkins from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Whitney Young, National Urban League; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James L. Farmer, Jr. of the Congress of Racial Equality.[60] The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin.[61] For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march.[62] Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.[63] The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern United States and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce and then challenge the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks, generally, in the South. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone.[64] As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and members of the Nation of Islam were not permitted to attend the march.[64][65] King is most famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee.[66] Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington's history.[67] King's "I Have a Dream" speech electrified the crowd. It is regarded, along with Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Franklin D. Roosevelt's Infamy Speech, as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.[68] The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the very top the liberal political agenda in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[69][70] Stance on compensation King giving a lecture on March 26, 1964Martin Luther King Jr. expressed a view that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for Playboy in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of US$50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups. He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils".[71] He presented this idea as an application of the common law regarding settlement of unpaid labor but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races".[72] "Bloody Sunday", 1965Main article: Selma to Montgomery marches King, James Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, for March 7, 1965. The first attempt to march on March 7 was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has since become known as Bloody Sunday. Bloody Sunday was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement, the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. King, however, was not present. After meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson, he decided not to endorse the march, but it was carried out against his wishes and without his presence on March 7 by the director of the Selma Movement, James Bevel, and by local civil rights leaders. Footage of police brutality against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.[73] King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against the State of Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement.[74] The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965.[75] At the conclusion of the march and on the steps of the state capitol, King delivered a speech that has become known as "How Long, Not Long".[76] Chicago, 1966 King with President Lyndon Johnson in 1966In 1966, after several successes in the South, King and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as its first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle classes, moved into the slums of North Lawndale[77] on the west side of Chicago as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.[78] The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, an organization founded by Albert Raby, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of The Chicago Freedom Movement.[79] During that spring, several dual white couple/black couple tests on real estate offices uncovered the practice (now banned in the U.S.) of racial steering. These tests revealed the racially selective processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income, background, number of children, and other attributes, with the only difference being their race.[80] The needs of the movement for radical change grew, and several larger marches were planned and executed, including those in the following neighborhoods: Bogan, Belmont Cragin, Jefferson Park, Evergreen Park (a suburb southwest of Chicago), Gage Park and Marquette Park, among others.[81] In Chicago, Abernathy later wrote that they received a worse reception than they had in the South. Their marches were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs, and they were truly afraid of starting a riot.[82] King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor Richard J. Daley to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result from the demonstration.[83] King, who received death threats throughout his involvement in the civil rights movement, was hit by a brick during one march but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.[84] When King and his allies returned to the south, they left Jesse Jackson, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization.[85] Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the Operation Breadbasket movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.[86] Opposition to the Vietnam WarSee also: Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War Starting in 1965, King began to express doubts about the United States' role in the Vietnam War. In an April 4, 1967 appearance at the New York City Riverside Church—exactly one year before his death—King delivered a speech titled "Beyond Vietnam".[87] In the speech, he spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, insisting that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony"[88] and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today".[89] He also argued that the country needed larger and broader moral changes: A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."[90] King also was opposed to the Vietnam War on the grounds that the war took money and resources that could have been spent on social welfare services like the War on Poverty. The United States Congress was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death".[90] King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, union leaders and powerful publishers."The press is being stacked against me," King complained.[91] Life magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi",[87] and The Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."[92] King stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands".[93] King also criticized the United States' resistance to North Vietnam's land reforms.[94] He accused the United States of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children."[95] The speech was a reflection of King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive Highlander Research and Education Center, with whom King was affiliated.[96] King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation. Towards the time of his murder, King more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice.[97] Though his public language was guarded, so as to avoid being linked to communism by his political enemies, in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism. In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."[98] King had read Marx while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism," he also rejected Communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism," and its "political totalitarianism."[99] King also stated in his "Beyond Vietnam" speech that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar....it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring".[100] King quoted a United States official, who said that, from Vietnam to South America to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution."[100] King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America," and said that the United States should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.[101] King spoke at an Anti-Vietnam demonstration where he also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft. I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.[102] In 1967, King gave another speech, in which he lashed out against what he called the "cruel irony" of American blacks fighting and dying for a country which treated them as second class citizens: We were taking the young black men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties which they had not found in Southwest Georgia and East Harlem.... We have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them in the same schools.[103][104] On January 13, 1968, the day after President Johnson's State of the Union Address, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars".[105][106] We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of freedom and self-determination in Southeast Asia.[105][106] Poor People's Campaign, 1968Main article: Poor People's Campaign In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C. demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created a bill of rights for poor Americans.[107][108] However, the campaign was not unanimously supported by other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Rustin resigned from the march stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, the demands unrealizable, and thought these campaigns would accelerate the backlash and repression on the poor and the black.[109] Throughout his participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks and such prominent critics as Nation of Islam member Malcolm X.[110] Stokely Carmichael was a separatist and disagreed with King's plea for racial integration because he considered it an insult to a uniquely African-American culture.[111] Omali Yeshitela urged Africans to remember the history of violent European colonization and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.[112] King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness".[108] His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced".[113] Assassination and its aftermathMain article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the National Civil Rights Museum.On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.[114][115] On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address at Mason Temple, the world headquarters of the Church of God in Christ. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.[116] In the close of the last speech of his career, in reference to the bomb threat, King said the following: And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.[117] King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis. The Reverend Ralph Abernathy, King's close friend and colleague who was present at the assassination, testified under oath to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed at room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite."[118] According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony prior to his assassination were spoken to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."[119] Then, at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968, a shot rang out as King stood on the motel's second floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder.[120] Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.[121] The events following the shooting have been disputed, as some people have accused Jackson of exaggerating his response.[122] After emergency chest surgery, King was pronounced dead at St. Joseph's Hospital at 7:05 p.m.[123] According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though only thirty-nine years old, he had the heart of a sixty-year-old man, perhaps a result of the stress of thirteen years in the civil rights movement.[124][clarification needed] The assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in Washington DC, Chicago, Baltimore, Louisville, Kentucky, Kansas City, and dozens of other cities.[125] Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was on his way to Indianapolis for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave a short speech to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of non-violence.[126] James Farmer, Jr. and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action,[127] while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response.[127] President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader.[128] Vice-President Hubert Humphrey attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence.[129] At his widow's request, King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church was played at the funeral,[130] a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on February 4, 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity".[131] His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.[132] The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.[133][134] Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia.[135] Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later.[136] On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. Ray was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.[136][137] Ray fired Foreman as his attorney, from then on derisively calling him "Percy Fourflusher".[138] He claimed a man he met in Montreal, Quebec with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy.[139][140] He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.[137] On June 10, 1977, shortly after Ray had testified to the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he did not shoot King, he and six other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee. They were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.[141] Allegations of conspiracyRay's lawyers maintained he was a scapegoat similar to the way that John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is seen by conspiracy theorists.[142] One of the claims used to support this assertion is that Ray's confession was given under pressure, and he had been threatened with the death penalty.[137][143] Ray was a thief and burglar, but he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon.[140] Those suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point out the two separate ballistics tests conducted on the Remington Gamemaster recovered by police had neither conclusively proved Ray had been the killer nor that it had even been the murder weapon.[137][144] Moreover, witnesses surrounding King at the moment of his death say the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house – which had been inexplicably cut away in the days following the assassination – and not from the rooming house window.[145] Martin Luther King & Coretta Scott King's tomb, located on the grounds of the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic SiteIn 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a new trial.[146] Two years later, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, along with the rest of King's family, won a wrongful death claim against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found Jowers guilty and that government agencies were party to the assassination.[147] William F. Pepper represented the King family in the trial.[148] King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King.[149] He is supported by author Gerald Posner who has researched and written about the assassination.[150] In 2000, the United States Department of Justice completed the investigation about Jowers' claims but did not find evidence to support allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented.[151] The New York Times reported a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson—not James Earl Ray—assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way."[152] King's friend and colleague, James Bevel, disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man."[153] In 2004, Jesse Jackson, who was with King at the time of his death, noted: The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ...I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.[154] FBI and wiretappingAllegations of Communist connectionsJ. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for years had been suspicious about potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights.[155] Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC as it was established (it did not have a full-time executive director until 1960);[47] its investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when it learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison. The FBI found Levison had been involved with the Communist Party USA.[156] The FBI had observed his alienation from the Party leadership, but it feared he had taken a low profile in order to work as an "agent of influence" in order to manipulate King, a view it continued to hold despite its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party.[157] Another King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).[158] However, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.[159] The Bureau received authorization to proceed with wiretapping from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in the Fall of 1963[160] and informed President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison.[161] Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so",[162] Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.[163] The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison's and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.[161][164] For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to Communism, stating in a 1965 Playboy interview that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida",[165] and claiming that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements".[159] Hoover did not believe his pledge of innocence and replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country."[166] After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country".[164] In December 1963, FBI officials who were gathered to a special conference alleged that King was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists" whose long-term strategy was to create a "Negro-labor" coalition detrimental to American security.[167] The attempt to prove that King was a Communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators".[168] The civil rights movement arose from activism within the black community dating back to before World War I. Levison did have ties with the Communist Party in various business dealings, but the FBI refused to believe its own intelligence bureau reports that Levison was no longer associated in that capacity.[169] In response to the FBI's comments regarding communists directing the civil rights movement, King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."[170] Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, March 26, 1964.Allegations of adulteryHaving concluded that King was dangerous due to communist infiltration, the focus of the Bureau's investigations shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he also engaged in numerous extramarital affairs.[164] Further remarks on King's lifestyle were made by several prominent officials, such as Lyndon Johnson, who once said that King was a "hypocritical preacher".[171] Ralph Abernathy, a close associate of King's, stated in his 1989 autobiography And the Walls Came Tumbling Down that King had a "weakness for women".[172][173] In a later interview, Abernathy said he only wrote the term "womanizing", and did not specifically say King had extramarital sex.[174] King's biographer David Garrow detailed what he called King's "compulsive sexual athleticism." Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one with a woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship, rather than his marriage, increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings that were a commonplace of King's travels." King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction." Garrow noted that King's promiscuity was the cause of "painful and overwhelming guilt".[175] The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family.[176] The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work.[177] One anonymous letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part, "The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [sic]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation."[178] King interpreted this as encouragement for him to commit suicide,[179] although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC."[159] King refused to give in to the FBI's threats.[180] On January 31, 1977, United States district Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr., ordered all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027.[181] Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the rooming house in which James Earl Ray was staying, was a fire station. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance.[182] Using papered-over windows with peepholes cut into them, the agents were watching the scene while Martin Luther King was shot.[183] Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel, and Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first-aid to King.[184] The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an all points bulletin to find the killer, and the police presence nearby have led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.[185] Legacy From the Gallery of 20th Century Martyrs at Westminster Abbey—l. to r. Mother Elizabeth of Russia, Rev. Martin Luther King, Archbishop Oscar Romero and Pastor Dietrich BonhoefferKing's main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States, which has enabled more Americans to reach their potential. He is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. His name and legacy have often been invoked since his death as people have debated his likely position on various modern political issues. On the international scene, King's legacy included influences on the Black Consciousness Movement and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa.[186] King's work was cited by and served as an inspiration for Albert Lutuli, another black Nobel Peace prize winner who fought for racial justice in that country.[187] The day following King's assassination, school teacher Jane Elliott conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students in Riceville, Iowa. Her purpose was to help them understand King's death as it related to racism, something they little understood from having lived in a predominately white community.[188] King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide.[189] Their son, Dexter King, currently serves as the center's chairman.[190] Daughter Yolanda King is a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.[191] There are opposing views, even within the King family, of the slain civil rights leader's religious and political views about gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. King's widow Coretta said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported gay rights. However, his daughter Bernice believed he would have been opposed to gay marriage.[192] The King Center includes discrimination, and lists homophobia as one of its examples, in its list of "The Triple Evils" that should be opposed.[193] In 1980, the Department of Interior designated King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several nearby buildings the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. In 1996, United States Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the Mall in Washington, DC.[194] King was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by and for African Americans.[195] King was the first African American honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area and the first non-President to be commemorated in such a way.[196] The King Memorial will be administered by the National Park Service.[197] King's life and assassination inspired many artistic works. A 1976 Broadway production, I Have a Dream, was directed by Robert Greenwald and starred Billy Dee Williams as King.[198] In spring of 2006, a stage play Passages of Martin Luther King about King was produced in Beijing, China with King portrayed by Chinese actor, Cao Li. The play was written by Stanford University professor, Clayborne Carson.[199] King spoke earlier about what people should remember him for if they are around for his funeral. He said rather than his awards and where he went to school, people should talk about how he fought peacefully for justice.: “ I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody. I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity. Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter.[127] ” Martin Luther King, Jr. DayMain article: Martin Luther King, Jr. Day At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Following President George H. W. Bush's 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday.[200] On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states.[201] Awards and recognitionKing was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities in the U.S. and elsewhere.[202][203] Besides winning the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, in 1965 King was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the American Jewish Committee for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty".[203][204] Reverend King said in his acceptance remarks, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free".[205] King was also awarded the Pacem in Terris Award, named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII calling for all people to strive for peace.[206] In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity."[207] King was posthumously awarded the Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights by Jamaica in 1968.[202] In 1971, King was posthumously awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.[208] Six years later, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was awarded to King by Jimmy Carter.[209] King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004.[210] King was second in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People in the 20th century.[211] In 1963 King was named Time Person of the Year and in 2000, King was voted sixth in the Person of the Century poll by the same magazine.[212] King was elected third in the Greatest American contest conducted by the Discovery Channel and AOL.[213] More than 730 cities in the United States have streets named after King.[214] King County, Washington rededicated its name in his honor in 1986, and changed its logo to an image of his face in 2007.[215] The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King.[216] King is remembered as a martyr by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (feast day April 4)[217][218] and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (feast day January 15).[219] In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Martin Luther King, Jr. on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[220] Capital memorialMain article: Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial A memorial to King is being constructed along the Tidal Basin at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., by the Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. BibliographyStride toward freedom; the Montgomery story (1958) The Measure of a Man (1959) Strength to Love (1963) Why We Can't Wait (1964) Where do we go from here: Chaos or community? (1967) The Trumpet of Conscience (1968) A Testament of Hope : The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1986) The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1998), ed. Clayborne Carson See also African American portal Atlanta portal Biography portal Saints portal Social movements portal Anti-racism American philosophy Christian left Christian pacifism Christian radicalism List of African Americans List of American philosophers List of black Nobel Laureates List of civil rights leaders List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates List of protest marches on Washington, D.C. Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War Racism in the United States Religious leaders by year Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. Notes1.^ Schlesinger (1965, 2002) A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House, p. xiv. 2.^ Placido P. D'Souza (January 20, 2003). "COMMEMORATING MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. / Gandhi's influence on King". SFGate.com. http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-01-20/opinion/17474454_1_nonviolence-philosophy-king. 3.^ Paul R. Krugman, The Conscience of a Liberal (2007) p 85 4.^ Lischer, Richard. (2001). The Preacher King, p. 3. 5.^ Ogletree, Charles J. (2004). All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 138. ISBN 0393058972. 6.^ Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 0415216648. 7.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of California Press. p. 76. ISBN 0520079507. 8.^ Katznelson, Ira (2005). When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 5. ISBN 0393052133. 9.^ "King’s God: The Unknown Faith of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.". Tikkun Magazine. http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/nov_dec_09_scofield. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 10.^ Carson, Clayborne (1998). The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.. Warner Books. p. 6. ISBN 0446524123. 11.^ Ching, Jacqueline (2002). The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 0823935434. 12.^ Downing, Frederick L. (1986). To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mercer University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0865542074. 13.^ Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179. ISBN 0275965740. 14.^ "Coretta Scott King". London: Daily Telegraph. 2006-02-01. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1509338/Coretta-Scott-King.html. Retrieved 2008-09-08. 15.^ Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. InterVarsity Press. p. 35. ISBN 0830826580. 16.^ Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days/National Ways: Historical, Political, And Religious Celebrations around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 314. ISBN 0275972704. 17.^ See also: Baldwin, Lewis V. (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Fortress Press. p. 298. ISBN 0800625439. , "Boston U. Panel Finds Plagiarism by Dr. King". The New York Times. 1991-10-11. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFD61030F932A25753C1A967958260. Retrieved 2008-06-14. , Heller, Steven; Veronique Vienne (2003). Citizen Designer: Perspectives on Design Responsibility. Allworth Communications, Inc.. p. 156. ISBN 1581152655. 18.^ Thurman, Howard (1981). With Head and Heart: The Autobiography of Howard Thurman. Harcourt. p. 254. ISBN 015697648X. 19.^ Thurman, Howard; Walter E. Fluker; Catherine Tumber (1998). A Strange Freedom: The Best of Howard Thurman on Religious Experience and Public Life. Beacon Press. p. 6. ISBN 080701057X. 20.^ Curtis, Nancy C. (1996). Black Heritage Sites: An African American Odyssey and Finder's Guide. ALA Editions. p. 62. ISBN 0838906435. 21.^ Marsh, Charles (1999). God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights. Princeton University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0691029407. 22.^ "The Legacy of Howard Thurman — Mystic and Theologian". Religion & Ethics Newsweekly. PBS. 2002-01-18. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week520/feature.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 23.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 0520079507. 24.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of California Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 0520079507. 25.^ Kahlenberg, Richard D. (1997). "Book Review: Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen". Washington Monthly. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n4_v29/ai_19279952. Retrieved 2008-06-12. 26.^ Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0815630034. 27.^ Farrell, James J. (1997). The Spirit of the Sixties: Making Postwar Radicalism. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0415913853. 28.^ De Leon, David (1994). Leaders from the 1960s: a biographical sourcebook of American activism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 138. ISBN 0313274142. 29.^ Arsenault, Raymond (2006). Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford University Press US. p. 62. ISBN 0195136748. 30.^ King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King JR., by Mervyn A. Warren & Gardner C. Taylor, InterVarsity Press, 2008, ISBN 083083253X, pg 174 31.^ Galchutt, Kathryn M. (2005). The Career of Andrew Schulze, 1924–1968: Lutherans And Race in the Civil Rights Era. Mercer University Press. p. 194. ISBN 086554946X. 32.^ Wintle, Justin (2001). Makers of Modern Culture: Makers of Culture. Routledge. p. 272. ISBN 0415265835. 33.^ Manheimer, Ann S. (2004). Martin Luther King Jr: Dreaming of Equality. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 103. ISBN 1575056275. 34.^ "December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks arrested". CNN. 2003-03-11. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/10/sprj.80.1955.parks/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08. 35.^ Walsh, Frank (2003). The Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gareth Stevens. p. 24. ISBN 0836854039. 36.^ McMahon, Thomas F. (2004). Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice. University Press of America. p. 25. ISBN 0761829083. 37.^ Fisk, Larry J.; John Schellenberg (1999). Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Broadview Press. p. 115. ISBN 1551111543. 38.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 0520079507. See also: Jackson, Thomas F. (2007). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 53. ISBN 0812239695. 39.^ Marable, Manning; Leith Mullings (2000). Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 391–392. ISBN 084768346X. 40.^ Pearson, Hugh. When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), p.37. 41.^ Google Books extract of Pearson. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=wiuTfo66SO0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=harlem+1958+martin+luther+king+jr&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-30. 42.^ Vivian, Octavia (2006). Coretta: The Story of Coretta Scott King. Fortress Press. p. 45. ISBN 0800638557. 43.^ "New Sitdowns Stir Violence in Tennessee". The Chicago Daily Tribune. April 12, 1960. 44.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther (1988). The Measure of a Man. Fortress Press. p. 9. ISBN 0800608771. 45.^ Theoharis, Athan G.; Tony G. Poveda; Richard Gid Powers; Susan Rosenfeld (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN 089774991X. 46.^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s, Basic Books: New York, New York. ISBN 0-46504-195-7. p 41 47.^ a b Theoharis, Athan G.; Tony G. Poveda; Richard Gid Powers; Susan Rosenfeld (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 089774991X. 48.^ Wilson, Joseph; Manning Marable; Immanuel Ness (2006). Race and Labor Matters in the New U.S. Economy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. ISBN 0742546918. See also: Schofield, Norman (2006). Architects of Political Change: Constitutional Quandaries and Social Choice Theory. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0521832020. 49.^ Jackson, Thomas F. (2007). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 85. ISBN 0812239695. 50.^ Shafritz, Jay M. (1998). International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration. Westview Press. p. 1242. ISBN 0813399742. See also: Loevy, Robert D.; Hubert H. Humphrey; John G. Stewart (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation. SUNY Press. p. 337. ISBN 0791433617. 51.^ Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 190. ISBN 0742544095. 52.^ a b c King 1998 53.^ Glisson, Susan M. (2006). The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 190–193. ISBN 0742544095. 54.^ "Albany GA, Movement". Civil Rights Movement Veterans. http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961albany. Retrieved 2008-09-08. 55.^ Garrow, (1986) p. 246. 56.^ Harrell, David Edwin; Edwin S. Gaustad; Randall M. Miller, John B. Boles; Randall Bennett Woods; Sally Foreman Griffith (2005). Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People, Volume 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1055. ISBN 0802829457. 57.^ Jones, Maxine D.; Kevin M. McCarthy (1993). African Americans in Florida: An Illustrated History. Pineapple Press Inc.. pp. 113–115. ISBN 156164031X. 58.^ Haley, Alex (January 1965). "Martin Luther King". The Playboy Interview (Playboy). http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/features/mlk/index.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 59.^ "The Selma Injunction". Civil Rights Movement Veterans. http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis64.htm#1964selmainj. Retrieved 2008-09-08. 60.^ Gates, Henry Louis; Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books. p. 1251. ISBN 0465000711. 61.^ Cashman, Sean Dennis (1991). African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900–1990. NYU Press. p. 162. ISBN 0814714412. 62.^ Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier (2002). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 351. ISBN 0618219285. See also: Marable, Manning (1991). Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 74. ISBN 0878054936. 63.^ Rosenberg, Jonathan; Zachary Karabell (2003). Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 130. ISBN 0393051226. 64.^ a b Boggs, Grace Lee (1998). Living for Change: An Autobiography. U of Minnesota Press. p. 127. ISBN 0816629552. 65.^ Aron, Paul (2005). Mysteries in History: From Prehistory to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 399. ISBN 1851098992. 66.^ Singleton, Carl; Rowena Wildin (1999). The Sixties in America. Salem Press. p. 454. ISBN 0893569828. See also: Bennett, Scott H. (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963. Syracuse University Press. p. 225. ISBN 0815630034. See also: Davis, Rep. Danny (2007-01-16). "Celebrating the Birthday and Public Holiday for Martin Luther King, Jr.". Library of Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?r110:46:./temp/~r110JkVd5O::. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 67.^ Powers, Roger S.; William B. Vogele; Christopher Kruegler; Ronald M. McCarthy (1997). Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage. Taylor & Francis. p. 313. ISBN 0815309139. 68.^ Moore, Lucinda (2003-08-01). "Dream Assignment". Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/dream-speech.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 69.^ James T. Patterson, "Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (Oxford University Press 1996) pp 482-85, 542-46 70.^ Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (Hill and Wang; 2008) pp 152-53 71.^ Washington, James M. (1991). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.. HarperCollins. pp. 365–367. ISBN 0060646918. 72.^ Washington, James M. (1991). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.. HarperCollins. pp. 367–368. ISBN 0060646918. 73.^ Jackson, Thomas F. (2007). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0812239695. 74.^ Jackson, Thomas F. (2007). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 223. ISBN 0812239695. 75.^ Isserman, Maurice; Michael Kazin (2000). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s. Oxford University Press US. p. 175. ISBN 0195091906. See also: Azbell, Joe (1968). The Riotmakers. Oak Tree Books. p. 176. 76.^ Leeman, Richard W. (1996). African-American Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220. ISBN 0313290148. 77.^ "North Lawndale". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/901.html. Retrieved 2008-09-08. 78.^ Cohen, Adam Seth; Elizabeth Taylor (2000). Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. Back Bay. pp. 360–362. ISBN 0316834890. 79.^ Ralph, James (1993). Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0674626877. 80.^ Cohen, Adam Seth; Elizabeth Taylor (2000). Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. Back Bay. p. 347. ISBN 0316834890. 81.^ Cohen, Adam Seth; Elizabeth Taylor (2000). Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. Back Bay. p. 416. ISBN 0316834890. See also: Ralph, James (1993). Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Harvard University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0674626877. See also: Fairclough, Adam (1987). To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of Georgia Press. p. 299. ISBN 0820323462. 82.^ Baty, Chris (2004). Chicago: City Guide. Lonely Planet. p. 52. ISBN 1741040329. See also: Stone, Eddie (1988). Jesse Jackson. Holloway House Publishing. pp. 59–60. ISBN 087067840X. 83.^ Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 230. ISBN 0807125245. 84.^ Isserman, Maurice; Michael Kazin (2000). America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s. Oxford University Press US. p. 200. ISBN 0195091906. See also: Miller, Keith D. (1998). Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Its Sources. University of Georgia Press. p. 139. ISBN 0820320137. 85.^ Mis, Melody S. (2008). Meet Martin Luther King, Jr.. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 1404242090. 86.^ Slessarev, Helene (1997). The Betrayal of the Urban Poor. Temple University Press. p. 140. ISBN 1566395437. 87.^ a b Krenn, Michael L. (1998). The African American Voice in U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. ISBN 0815334184. 88.^ Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107. ISBN 0742559149. 89.^ Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 102. ISBN 0742559149. 90.^ a b Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109. ISBN 0742559149. 91.^ David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross (1986), pp 440, 445 92.^ Lawson, Steven F.; Charles M. Payne; James T. Patterson (2006). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148. ISBN 0742551091. 93.^ Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106. ISBN 0742559149. 94.^ Long, Michael G. (2002). Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the State. Mercer University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0865547688. 95.^ Baldwin, Lewis V. (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Fortress Press. p. 273. ISBN 0800625439. 96.^ Harding; Cindy Rosenthal (2006). Restaging the Sixties: Radical Theaters and Their Legacies. University of Michigan Press. p. 297. ISBN 0472069543. See also: Lentz, Richard (1990). Symbols, the News Magazines, and Martin Luther King. LSU Press. p. 64. ISBN 0807125245. 97.^ Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.. Routledge. p. 277. ISBN 0415216648. 98.^ Franklin, Robert Michael (1990). Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought. Fortress Press. p. 125. ISBN 0800623924. 99.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Coretta Scott King; Dexter Scott King (1998). The Martin Luther King, Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr.. St. Martin's Press. p. 39. ISBN 0312199902. 100.^ a b Zinn, Howard (2002). The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace. Beacon Press. p. 122. ISBN 0807014079. 101.^ Zinn, Howard (2002). The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace. Beacon Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 0807014079. 102.^ "1967 Year In Review". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1967/Protests/12303074818188-15/. Retrieved 2010-11-30. 103.^ The Americas: Reconstruction to the 21st Century. Atlas by Rand McNally 104.^ America's Vietnam War: A Narrative History 105.^ a b Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968. London, UK: Jonathan Cape (Random House). p. 46. ISBN 0224062514. 106.^ a b Robinson, Douglas (13 January 1968). "Dr. King Calls for Antiwar Rally in Capital Feb. 5–6". The New York Times (New York, USA: The New York Times Company): p. 4. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EFD3C5E1A7B93C1A8178AD85F4C8685F9. Retrieved 22 April 2010. 107.^ Vigil, Ernesto B. (1999). The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and the Government's War on Dissent. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 54. ISBN 0299162249. 108.^ a b Kick, Russell (2001). You are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths. The Disinformation Campaign. p. 1991. ISBN 0966410076. 109.^ Isserman, Maurice (2001). The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington. PublicAffairs. p. 281. ISBN 1586480367. 110.^ Bobbitt, David (2007). The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. ISBN 0742529282. 111.^ Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.. Routledge. pp. 250–251. ISBN 0415216648. 112.^ Yeshitela, Omali. "Abbreviated Report from the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the U.S.". African People's Socialist Party. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080517082245/http://www.apspuhuru.org/publications/repnow/ReparationsNow-OCR.txt. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 113.^ Lawson, Steven F.; Charles M. Payne; James T. Patterson (2006). Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0742551091. 114.^ "1,300 Members Participate in Memphis Garbage Strike". AFSCME. February 1968. http://www.afscme.org/about/1529.cfm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 115.^ "Memphis Strikers Stand Firm". AFSCME. March 1968. http://www.afscme.org/about/1532.cfm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. See also: Davis, Townsend (1998). Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 364. ISBN 0393318192. 116.^ Thomas, Evan (2007-11-19). "The Worst Week of 1968, Page 2". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/69542/page/2. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 117.^ Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2006). Speeches that Changed the World: The Stories and Transcripts of the Moments that Made History. Quercus. p. 155. ISBN 1905204167. 118.^ "United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr – VII. King V. Jowers Conspiracy Allegations". United States Department of Justice. June 2000. http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/mlk/part6.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 119.^ Pilkington, Ed (2008-04-03). "40 years after King's death, Jackson hails first steps into promised land". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/03/usa.race. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 120.^ Garner, Joe; Walter Cronkite; Bill Kurtis (2002). We Interrupt This Broadcast: The Events that Stopped Our Lives...from the Hindenburg Explosion to the Attacks of September 11. Sourcebooks, Inc.. p. 62. ISBN 1570719748. See also: Pepper, William (2003). An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. Verso. p. 159. ISBN 1859846955. 121.^ Kirk, John A. (2005). Martin Luther King Jr. Longman. p. 181. ISBN 0582414318. 122.^ Purnick, Joyce (1988-04-18). "Koch Says Jackson Lied About Actions After Dr. King Was Slain". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEED7133EF93BA25757C0A96E948260. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 123.^ Lokos, Lionel (1968). House Divided: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther King. Arlington House. p. 48. 124.^ "Citizen King Transcript". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/filmmore/pt.html. Retrieved 2008-06-12. 125.^ "1968: Martin Luther King shot dead". On this Day (BBC). 1968-04-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 126.^ Klein, Joe. Politics Lost: How American Democracy was Trivialized by People Who Think You're Stupid. New York, Doubleday, 2006. ISBN 978-0385-51027-1, p. 6. 127.^ a b c "1968 Year In Review". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Martin-Luther-King-Assasination/12303153093431-4/. Retrieved 2010-11-30. 128.^ Manheimer, Ann S. (2004). Martin Luther King Jr: Dreaming of Equality. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 97. ISBN 1575056275. 129.^ Dickerson, James (1998). Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of how the Government, the Media, and the Mob Conspired to Combat Immigration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. M.E. Sharpe. p. 169. ISBN 0765603403. 130.^ Hatch, Jane M.; George William Douglas (1978). The American Book of Days. Wilson. p. 321. 131.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther (2007). Dream: The Words and Inspiration of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Blue Mountain Arts, Inc.. p. 26. ISBN 1598422405. 132.^ Werner, Craig (2006). A Change is Gonna Come: Music, Race & the Soul of America. University of Michigan Press. p. 9. ISBN 0472031473. 133.^ "AFSCME Wins in Memphis". AFSCME The Public Employee April 1968. http://www.afscme.org/about/1533.cfm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 134.^ "1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike Chronology". AFSCME. http://www.afscme.org/about/1548.cfm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 135.^ Ling, Peter J. (2002). Martin Luther King, Jr.. Routledge. p. 296. ISBN 0415216648. 136.^ a b Flowers, R. Barri; H. Loraine Flowers (2004). Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century. McFarland. p. 38. ISBN 0786420758. 137.^ a b c d "James Earl Ray Dead At 70". CBS. 1998-04-23. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/04/23/national/main7900.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-12. 138.^ Clarke, James W. (2005). Defining Danger: American Assassins And the New Domestic Terrorists. Transaction Publishers. p. 297. ISBN 0765802899. 139.^ House Select Committee on Assassinations (2001). Compilation of the Statements of James Earl Ray: Staff Report. The Minerva Group, Inc.. p. 17. ISBN 0898752973. 140.^ a b Davis, Lee (1995). Assassination: 20 Assassinations that Changed the World. JG Press. p. 105. ISBN 1572152354. 141.^ "History of the Knoxville Office". FBI. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080524142603/http://knoxville.fbi.gov/hist.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 142.^ "From small-time criminal to notorious assassin". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/03/james.ray.profile/index.html. Retrieved 2006-09-17. 143.^ Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 402. ISBN 1576078124. 144.^ "Questions left hanging by James Earl Ray's death". BBC. 1998-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/82893.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 145.^ Frank, Gerold (1972). An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Greatest Manhunt of our Time. Doubleday. p. 283. 146.^ "James Earl Ray, convicted King assassin, dies". CNN. 1998-04-23. http://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/23/ray.obit/#2. Retrieved 2006-09-17. 147.^ "Trial Transcript Volume XIV". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080506041106/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/trial/Volume14.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 148.^ Smith, Robert Charles; Richard Seltzer (2000). Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 97. ISBN 074250025X. 149.^ Pepper, William (2003). An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. Verso. p. 182. ISBN 1859846955. 150.^ Sargent, Frederic O. (2004). The Civil Rights Revolution: Events and Leaders, 1955–1968. McFarland. p. 129. ISBN 0786419148. 151.^ "United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.". USDOJ. http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/crim/mlk/part2.htm#over. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 152.^ Canedy, Dana (2002-04-06). "My father killed King, says pastor, 34 years on". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/04/06/1017206269495.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 153.^ Branch, Taylor (2006). At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68. Simon & Schuster. p. 770. ISBN 9780684857121. 154.^ Goodman, Amy; Juan Gonzalez (2004-01-15). "Jesse Jackson On "Mad Dean Disease", the 2000 Elections and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King". Democracy Now!. http://www.democracynow.org/2004/1/15/rev_jesse_jackson_on_mad_dean. Retrieved 2006-09-18. 155.^ Downing, Frederick L. (1986). To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mercer University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 0865542074. 156.^ Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 233. ISBN 0618088253. 157.^ Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0618088253. 158.^ Woods, Jeff (2004). Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968. LSU Press. p. 126. ISBN 0807129267. See also: Wannall, Ray (2000). The Real J. Edgar Hoover: For the Record. Turner Publishing Company. p. 87. ISBN 1563115530. 159.^ a b c Church, Frank (April 23, 1976). "Church Committee Book III". Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Case Study. Church Committee. http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/churchfinalreportIIIb.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-01. 160.^ Garrow, David J. (2002-07/08). "The FBI and Martin Luther King". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow. 161.^ a b Ryskind, Allan H. (2006-02-27). "JFK and RFK Were Right to Wiretap MLK". Human Events. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200602/ai_n17173432/pg_2. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 162.^ Herst, Burton (2007). Bobby and J. Edger, Carroll & Graf: New York, New York. ISBN 0-78671-982-6. p. 372. 163.^ Herst, Burton, (2007) pp. 372–374. 164.^ a b c Christensen, Jen (2008-04-07). "FBI tracked King's every move". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 165.^ Washington, James M. (1991). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.. HarperCollins. p. 362. ISBN 0060646918. 166.^ Bruns, Roger (2006). Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 67. ISBN 0313336865. 167.^ Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 83. ISBN 0618088253. 168.^ Gilbert, Alan (1990). Democratic Individuality: A Theory of Moral Progress. Cambridge University Press. p. 435. ISBN 0521387094. 169.^ Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0618088253. 170.^ Washington, James M. (1991). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.. HarperCollins. p. 363. ISBN 0060646918. 171.^ Sidey, Hugh (1975-02-10). "L.B.J., Hoover and Domestic Spying". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912799-2,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 172.^ Newsweek Magazine 1-19-1998, p. 62; "And the walls came tumbling down," by Rev. Ralph Abernathy (1989) 173.^ Baldwin, Lewis V. (1992). To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Fortress Press. p. 296. ISBN 0800625439. 174.^ "And the Walls Came Tumbling Down by Rev. Ralph David Abernathy". Booknotes. 1989-10-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20071211111242/http://www.booknotes.org/Transcript/index_print.asp?ProgramID=1442. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 175.^ Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. William Morrow & Company. 1986. pp. 375–376. See also: Burrow, Jr., Rufus (Spring 2003). "The humanity of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Vigilance in pursuing his dream". Encounter. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4044/is_200304/ai_n9232227. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 176.^ Burnett, Thom (2005). Conspiracy Encyclopedia. Collins & Brown. p. 58. ISBN 1843402874. 177.^ Thragens, William C. (1988). Popular Images of American Presidents. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 532. ISBN 031322899X. 178.^ Kotz, Nick (2005). Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 247. ISBN 0618088253. http://books.google.com/books?id=qo9r4_rnrasC&ots=KJaVyFLuFa&pg=PA247. 179.^ Wilson, Sondra K. (1999). In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins (1920–1977). Oxford University Press US. p. 466. ISBN 019511633X. 180.^ "FBI tracked King's every move". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/31/mlk.fbi.conspiracy/index.html#cnnSTCVideo. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 181.^ Phillips, Geraldine N. (Summer 1997). "Documenting the Struggle for Racial Equality in the Decade of the Sixties". Prologue Magazine. The National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/equality-in-the-sixties.html#f3. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 182.^ "Eyewitness to Murder: The King Assassination Featured Individuals". Black in America. CNN. http://www.hvc-inc.com/clients/cnn/bia/featured.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 183.^ McKnight, Gerald (1998). The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People's Crusade. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 76. ISBN 0813333849. 184.^ Martin Luther King, Jr.: The FBI Files. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2007. pp. 40–42. ISBN 1599862530. See also: Polk, James (2008-04-07). "King conspiracy theories still thrive 40 years later". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/conspiracy.theories/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. and "King's FBI file". FBI. http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/king.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 185.^ Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 408–409. ISBN 1576078124. 186.^ Ansell, Gwen (2005). Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN 0826417531. See also: Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2007). It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. Simon & Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 1416540644. 187.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther; Clayborne Carson; Peter Holloran; Ralph Luker; Penny A. Russell (1992). The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.. University of California Press. pp. 307–308. ISBN 0520079507. 188.^ Peters, William. "A Class Divided: One Friday in April, 1968". Frontline. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/friday.html. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 189.^ "The King Center's Mission". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080412114756/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/mission.asp. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 190.^ Copeland, Larry (2006-02-01). "Future of Atlanta's King Center in limbo". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-31-king-center_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. See also: "Chairman's Message: Introduction to the King Center and its Mission". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080118102950/http://www.thekingcenter.org/tkc/chairman.asp. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 191.^ "Welcome to Higher Ground Productions". Higher Ground Productions. http://www.highergroundproductions.com/index2.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 192.^ Williams, Brandt (2005-01-16). "What would Martin Luther King do?". Minnesota Public Radio. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2005/01/17_williamsb_wwmlkd/. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 193.^ "The Triple Evils". The King Center. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080803150448/http://www.thekingcenter.org/misc/triple_evils.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 194.^ "Washington, DC Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation Breaks Ground On Historic $100 Million Memorial On The National Mall In Washington, D.C.". Washington, DC Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. 2006-11-06. http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=hkIUL9MVJxE&b=1601407&ct=3612187. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 195.^ Mjagkij, Nina (2001). Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations. Taylor & Francis. p. 30. ISBN 0815323093. 196.^ Tobias, Randall L. (2007-01-18). "Celebrating the Birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/f/releases/remarks2007/87649.htm. [dead link] 197.^ "History of the Memorial". Washington, DC Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. http://www.mlkmemorial.org/site/c.hkIUL9MVJxE/b.1190613/k.5EE9/History_of_the_Memorial.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 198.^ "The Theater: A King in Darkness". Time. 1976-10-04. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918426,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-03 199.^ "National Theatre Company of China Tours Atlanta, Birmingham, and Memphis". The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. 2007-02-06. http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/China/mlkchina/try2_files/mlkpp_data/Touring_Atlanta_text.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. See also: 2007-06-23, Anthony. NPR: "Martin Luther King's Story Plays on Beijing Stage". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11330396 NPR:. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 200.^ "Proclamation 6401 – Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 1992". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=47329. Retrieved 2008-09-08. See also: "Martin Luther King Day". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20080328081425/http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/mlkbday.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 201.^ Goldberg, Carey (1999-05-26). "Contrarian New Hampshire To Honor Dr. King, at Last". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E0DC1031F935A15756C0A96F958260. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 202.^ a b "Biographical Outline of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.". The King Center. http://www.thekingcenter.org/DrMLKingJr/Biography.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-08. 203.^ a b Warren, Mervyn A. (2001). King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. InterVarsity Press. p. 79. ISBN 0830826580. 204.^ "Winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Peace". Nobel Prize Committee. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1964/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-21. See also: Engel, Irving M.. "Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr.: Presentation of American Liberties Medallion". American Jewish Committee. http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052921. Retrieved 2008-06-13. 205.^ King, Jr., Martin Luther. "Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr.: Response to Award of American Liberties Medallion". American Jewish Committee. http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=843719&ct=1052923. Retrieved 2008-06-13. 206.^ "Habitat co-founder to receive Pacem in Terris award tonight". Quad-City Times. 2005-10-23. http://www.qctimes.com/articles/2005/10/23/news/local/doc435b0e9c484dc514864978.txt. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 207.^ "The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. upon accepting The Planned Parenthood Federation Of America Margaret Sanger Award". PPFA. Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080224104928/http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/the-reverend-martin-luther-king-jr.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 208.^ Gates, Henry Louis; Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books. p. 1348. ISBN 0465000711. 209.^ "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.". The Official Site of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. http://www.medaloffreedom.com/MartinLutherKingJr.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-13. 210.^ "Congressional Gold Medal Recipients (1776 to Present)". Office of the Clerk: U.S. House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/goldMedal.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 211.^ Gallup, George; Alec Gallup, Jr. (2000). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 249. ISBN 0842026991. 212.^ "The Person of the Century Poll Results". Time. 2000-01-19. http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/century.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 213.^ "Reagan voted 'greatest American'". BBC. 2005-06-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4631421.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 214.^ Alderman, Derek H.. "Naming Streets for Martin Luther King, Jr.: No Easy Road" (PDF). Landscape and Race in the United States. Routledge Press. http://personal.ecu.edu/aldermand/pubs/alderman_chapter.pdf. 215.^ "King County Was Rededicated For Mlk". The Seattle Times. 1998-01-18. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980118&slug=2729257. Retrieved 2008-06-13. See also: "New logo is an image of civil rights leader". King County. http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/logo.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-13. 216.^ "Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Competition Winners Announced". City of Harrisburg. 2003-01-19. Archived from the original on 2007-12-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071207045944/http://www.harrisburgpa.gov/pressReleases/prArchives/2003/01/20030119_mlkEssay.html. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 217.^ The Episcopal and Lutheran Churches in the U.S. have feast days dedicated to King, on April 4 and January 15 respectively, as per the Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America), and Calendar of Saints (Lutheran). (Neither church has a formal canonization process.) There is a statue of King Jr. in the Gallery of 20th Century Martyrs at Westminster Abbey, London. 218.^ Flagg, Chuck (2006-02-10). "What it Takes to Become a Saint". The Morgan Hill Times. http://www.morganhilltimes.com/lifestyles/178715-what-it-takes-to-become-a-saint. Retrieved 2008-08-27. 219.^ "News & Events — January 2008". St. Thomas Evangelical Lutheran Church. http://www.stlconline.org/archive/200801.html. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 220.^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8. ReferencesAbernathy, Ralph (1989). And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. Harper & Row. ISBN 0060161922. Ayton, Mel (2005). A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray And The Murder Of Martin Luther King Jr.. Archebooks Publishing. ISBN 1595070753. Beito, David; Beito, Linda Royster (2004). "T.R.M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942–1954". In Feldman, Glenn (ed.). Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South. University of Alabama Press. pp. 68–95. ISBN 0817351345. Branch, Taylor (2006). At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 068485712X. Branch, Taylor (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671460978. Branch, Taylor (1998). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684808196. Chernus, Ira (2004). "Chapter 11". American Nonviolence: The History of an Idea. Orbis Books. ISBN 1570755477. Garrow, David J (1981). The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140064869. Jackson, Thomas F. (2006). From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812239690. King, Coretta Scott (1993) [1969]. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr.. Henry Holth & Co. ISBN 080502445X. Kirk, John A. (2005). Martin Luther King, Jr.. Pearson Longman. ISBN 0582414318. Lindgren, Carl Edwin. "Resurrection City". Southern Exposure XX (1 Spring 1992): 7. Further readingCarson, Clayborne. "Mythology and the Charismatic Leadership of Martin Luther King". In Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. ISBN 1-881-089-97-5 David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1989). Pulitzer Prize Kirk, John A., ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates (2007). 224 pp. Flip Schulke and Penelope McPhee, King Remembered, Foreword by Jesse Jackson (1986) Nick Kotz, Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America (2005) External linksFind more about Martin Luther King, Jr. on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks The King Center "Martin Luther King Jr. Collection", Morehouse College, RWWL The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project MLK online Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr., "A New Sense of Direction (1968)" "Martin Luther King Jr.", The Seattle Times 1956 Comic Book: Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story Kirk, John A., "Martin Luther King, Jr.", New Georgia Encyclopedia "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle", online encyclopedia, chronology and document library, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. "Martin Luther King, Jr.", Encyclopedia of Alabama Martin Luther King, Jr. at Find a Grave Works by or about Martin Luther King, Jr. in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Works by Martin Luther King, Jr. at Project Gutenberg ImagesMartin Luther King Jr.: Peacemaker – a slideshow by Life magazine The Life and Death of Martin Luther King - slideshow by The First Post Photo Essay: "The Last Days of Martin Luther King, Jr.", Time Speeches and interviewsAudio from April 1961 King, "The Church on the Frontier of Racial Tensions" – speech at Southern Seminary Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929–1968 – one hour documentary report by Democracy Now!*Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Speeches and Interviews Speeches of Martin Luther King The New Negro, King interviewed by J. Waites Waring "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark", PBS*"Beyond Vietnam" speech text and audio YouTube clip of "How Long? Not Long!" speech YouTube clip of "Mountaintop" speech King Institute Encyclopedia multimedia Video of speeches – "I Have a Dream" and "I've Been to the mountaintop" "I Have a Dream" Hiphop song sampling "I Have a Dream" speech video Audio recordings of King speeches including "I Have a Dream" Awards and achievements Preceded by International Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1964 Succeeded by UNICEF [show]v · d · eMartin Luther King, Jr. [hide] Speeches and sermons · Writings · Movements and protests Speeches "How Long, Not Long" · "I Have a Dream" · "I've Been to the Mountaintop" Writings Letter from Birmingham Jail · "What is Man?" Movements and protests 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott · 1960 Nashville sit-ins · 1961 Albany Movement · 1963 Birmingham campaign · 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom · 1965 Selma Voting Rights Movement · 1965–67 Chicago Freedom Movement · 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike · 1968 Poor People's Campaign [show] People Family Martin Luther King, Sr. (father) · Alberta Williams King (mother) · Christine King Farris (sister) · Alfred Daniel Williams King (brother) · Coretta Scott King (wife) · Yolanda King (daughter) · Martin Luther King III (son) · Dexter Scott King (son) · Bernice King (daughter) · Alveda King (niece) Others Benjamin Mays (mentor) · Bayard Rustin (advisor) · Ralph Abernathy (colleague) · Andrew Young (colleague) · Jesse Jackson (protégé) · James Bevel (strategist / colleague) [show] Assassination James Earl Ray · William Francis Pepper · Loyd Jowers [show] Media Film and TV King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (documentary film) · "The First Store" (The Jeffersons episode) · King (TV miniseries) · "The Promised Land" (New York Undercover episode) · "Return of the King" (The Boondocks episode) Songs "Martin Luther King's Dream" (Strawbs) · "Happy Birthday" (Stevie Wonder) · "Pride (In the Name of Love)" (U2) · "MLK" (U2) · "King Holiday" (King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew) · "Shed a Little Light" (James Taylor) · "Up to the Mountain" (Patti Griffin) [show] Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) · Martin Luther King, Jr. Day · Lee-Jackson-King Day · National Historic Site · National Memorial · National Civil Rights Museum · Eponymous streets · Authorship issues · Letter to an Anti-Zionist Friend [show]v · d · ePresidents of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Martin Luther King, Jr. (1957) · Ralph Abernathy (1968) · Joseph Lowery (1977) · Martin Luther King III (1997) · Fred Shuttlesworth (2004) · Charles Kenzie Steele, Jr. (2004) · Bernice King (2009) [show]v · d · eAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement Topics and events (timeline) Albany Movement · Birmingham campaign · Black Power · Browder v. Gayle · Brown v. Board of Education · Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church · Chicago Open Housing Movement · Civil Rights Act of 1964 · Civil Rights Act of 1968 · Dexter Avenue Baptist Church · Emmett Till · Freedom Riders · Mississippi Freedom Summer · Greensboro sit-ins · Greyhound Bus Station (Montgomery, Alabama) · Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections · Little Rock Nine · March on Washington · Mississippi civil rights workers murders · Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party · Montgomery Bus Boycott · Nashville sit-ins · Poor People's Campaign · Selma Voting Rights Movement · 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing · Twenty-fourth Amendment · Voting Rights Act of 1965 Activists Ralph Abernathy · Victoria Gray Adams · Ella Baker · James Bevel · Claude Black · Unita Blackwell · Julian Bond · Stokely Carmichael · J.L. Chestnut · Shirley Chisholm · Dorothy Cotton · Claudette Colvin · Vernon Dahmer · Annie Devine · Medgar Evers · Chuck Fager · James Farmer · James Forman · Marie Foster · Prathia Hall · Fannie Lou Hamer · Dorothy Height · Lola Hendricks · Aaron Henry · Myles Horton · T. R. M. Howard · Jesse Jackson · Jimmie Lee Jackson · T.J. Jemison · Judge Frank Johnson · Matthew Jones · Clyde Kennard · A.D. King · Coretta Scott King · Martin Luther King, Jr. · Bernard Lafayette · James Lawson · Bernard Lee · John Lewis · Viola Liuzzo · Z. Alexander Looby · Joseph Lowery · Clara Luper · Malcolm X · Thurgood Marshall · James Meredith · Amzie Moore · Irene Morgan · Bob Moses · William Moyer · Diane Nash · E. D. Nixon · James Orange · James Peck · Rosa Parks · Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. · Al Raby · A. Philip Randolph · Amelia Boynton Robinson · Bayard Rustin · Charles Sherrod · Fred Shuttlesworth · Modjeska Monteith Simkins · Kelly Miller Smith · Charles Kenzie Steele · C. T. Vivian · Wyatt Tee Walker · Roy Wilkins · Hosea Williams · Judge John Minor Wisdom · Andrew Young · Whitney Young Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) · Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) · Highlander Folk School · Leadership Conference on Civil Rights · Montgomery Improvement Association · National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) · NAACP Youth Council · Northern Student Movement · National Council of Negro Women · National Urban League · Operation Breadbasket · Regional Council of Negro Leadership · Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) · Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) · Women's Political Council Historians Taylor Branch · Clayborne Carson · Michael Eric Dyson · Chuck Fager · Adam Fairclough · David Garrow · David Halberstam · Diane McWhorter [show]v · d · eAfrican American topics African American history Atlantic slave trade · Maafa · Slavery in the United States · Reconstruction Era · Military history of African Americans · Jim Crow laws · Redlining · Great Migration · Civil Rights Movements 1896–1954 and · 1955–1968 · Second Great Migration · Afrocentrism · Post Civil Rights Era African-American history African American culture African American studies · Neighborhoods · Juneteenth · Black colleges and universities · Kwanzaa · Art · Museums · Dance · Literature · Music · LGBT topics Religion Black church · Black liberation theology · Black theology · Doctrine of Father Divine · American Society of Muslims · Nation of Islam · Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism · Nationalism · Black Power · Black fist · Capitalism · Conservatism · Populism · Leftism · Black Panther Party · Garveyism Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) · Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) · Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) · Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) · National Urban League (NUL) · Rights organizations · Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) · Thurgood Marshall College Fund · United Negro College Fund (UNCF) · National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) · National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) · The Links · National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) Sports Negro league baseball · Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) · Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) · Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) · Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) · African Americans in the NFL · African Americans in the CFL Ethnic sub-divisions Black Indians · Gullah · Igbo Languages English · Gullah · Louisiana Creole French · African American Vernacular English Diaspora Liberia · Nova Scotia · Sierra Leone · France Lists African Americans · African-American firsts · First mayors · U.S. state firsts · Landmark African-American legislation · African-American-related articles · Topics related to the Black Diaspora · African-American visual artists Category · Portal [show]v · d · eTime Persons of the Year Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) · Elizabeth II (1952) · Konrad Adenauer (1953) · John Foster Dulles (1954) · Harlow Curtice (1955) · Hungarian Freedom Fighter (1956) · Nikita Khrushchev (1957) · Charles de Gaulle (1958) · Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) · U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) · John F. Kennedy (1961) · Pope John XXIII (1962) · Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963) · Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) · William Westmoreland (1965) · The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) · Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) · The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) · The Middle Americans (1969) · Willy Brandt (1970) · Richard Nixon (1971) · Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) · John Sirica (1973) · King Faisal (1974) · American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Carol Sutton / Susie Sharp / Addie L. Wyatt (1975) Complete roster · 1927–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present [show]v · d · eLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize Léon Jouhaux (1951) · Albert Schweitzer (1952) · George Marshall (1953) · United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1954) · Lester B. Pearson (1957) · Georges Pire (1958) · Philip Noel-Baker (1959) · Albert Lutuli (1960) · Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) · Linus Pauling (1962) · International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies (1963) · Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964) · UNICEF (1965) · René Cassin (1968) · International Labour Organization (1969) · Norman Borlaug (1970) · Willy Brandt (1971) · Henry Kissinger / Le Duc Tho (declined award) (1973) · Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō (1974) · Andrei Sakharov (1975) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present Persondata Name King, Jr., Martin Luther Alternative names King, Martin Luther; MLK Short description Political activist Date of birth January 15, 1929 Place of birth Atlanta, Georgia Date of death April 4, 1968 Place of death Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." Categories: Martin Luther King, Jr. | 1929 births | 1968 deaths | 20th-century African-American activists | 20th-century Christian clergy | African American history of Alabama | African American religious leaders | African Americans' rights activists | American anti-Vietnam War activists | American Christian pacifists | American Christian socialists | American humanitarians | American Nobel laureates | American theologians | Anglican saints | Anti-racism activists | Assassinated American civil rights activists | Assassinated religious leaders | Baptist ministers from the United States | Baptist writers | Boston University School of Theology alumni | COINTELPRO targets | Community organizing | Congressional Gold Medal recipients | Deaths by firearm in Tennessee | Extrajudicial killings | Gandhians | Grammy Award winners | Massey Lecturers | Morehouse College alumni | Murdered African-American people | Nobel Peace Prize laureates | International activists against apartheid in South Africa | Nonviolence advocates | People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar | People from Atlanta, Georgia | People murdered in Tennessee | Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients | Spingarn Medal winners | Time Persons of the Year | Radical Christians

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http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_black_fraternity_steppin_show_nba_chili_tv.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_omega_psi_phi_step_show_steppin_nba_chili.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_kappa_alpha_psi_fraternity_step_show_nba.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_phi_beta_sigma_fraternity_step_show_nba.html

Press Release - 227's YouTube "Chili"-Michael Jackson Chili' Autopsy Photos Leaked! MJ Snap shot sold for $1 Million?

Press Release - 227's YouTube "Chili"-Michael Jackson Chili' Autopsy Photos Leaked! MJ Snap shot sold for $1 Million?

Usain Bolt - http://www.hoops227 tv .com /youtube_usain_bolt_cheetah_lightning_track_100_227.html
http://www.hoops227 tv .com /youtube_usain_bolt_lightning_bolt_100_200_m_chili.html

http://www.hoops227 tv .com /youtube_m_magazine_teens_celebs_you_tube_chili_227.html

227's Meehive "Chili" * 227's Meehive "Chili"

227's YouTube "Chili" - STOMP THE YARD (BLACK COLLEGE STEP SHOW MOVIE) Starring Columbus Short, Meagan Good, Ne-Yo, Darrin Henson, Chris Brown, Brian White, Las Alonso, Valerie Pettiford & Harry Lennix (NBA Mix)!

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_stomp_the_yard_step_show_steppin_nba_chili.html
http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_stomp_the_yard_ne_yo_chris_brown_nba_chili.html

Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's YouTube Jamaal 'Chili' Al-Din! 227's YouTube Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 - Jamaal Al-Din * 227's YouTube

Michael Jackson Remembered at Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's YouTube "Chili")!

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_magic_johnson_kobe_mj_memorial_staples.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/u_tube_michael_jackson_concert_death_annonoucement.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_martin_bashir_living_with_michael_jackson.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_thriller_michael_jackson_zombie_buy_nba_tv.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_amazon_collectible_nba_buy.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_autographed_nba_photo_227.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_ghost_cnn_larry_king_video.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_tribute_announcement_video.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_pepsi_commercial_nba_chili.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/you_tube_michael_jackson_concert_tour_controversy.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_michael_jackson_jermaine_comments_video_tv.html

http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_oprah_winfrey_interview_michael_jackson_tv.html
YouTube Living With Michael Jackson-Martin Bashir-Part 9!
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Beyonce * Maxwell * Mario ft. Gucci Mane & sean Garrett * Drake ft. Lil Wayne * Ginuwine * Fabolous Featuring The-Dream * Keyshia Cole Duet With Monica * Jay-Z, Rihanna & Kanye West * Gucci Mane Featuring Plies * Mary Mary Featuring Kierra "KiKi" Sheard * Ice Cream Paint Job * Pleasure P * Mariah Carey * Trey Songz * Trey Songz Featuring Gucci Mane & Soulja Boy Tell'em * R. Kelly Featuring Keri Hilson * K'Jon * Young Money * Twista Featuring Erika Shevon * Yo Gotti * New Boyz * Jeremih * Keri Hilson Featuring Kanye West & Ne-Yo * Musiq Soulchild * Whitney Houston * Anthony Hamilton * Charlie Wilson * Chrisette Michele * Jamie Foxx Featuring T-Pain * Plies * LeToya Featuring Ludacris * Mary J. Blige Featuring Drake * Mullage * Charlie Wilson * Jamie Foxx Featuring Drake, Kanye West + The-Dream * Jamie Foxx Featuring Drake, Kanye West + The-Dream * Jeremih * Mishon * Jennifer Hudson * Clipse Featuring Pharrell Williams * Kid Cudi Featuring Kanye West & Common * Raphael Saadiq Featuring Stevie Wonder & CJ * Anthony Hamilton Featuring David Banner * Jazmine Sullivan * Trey Songz Featuring Drake * F.L.Y. (Fast Life Yungstaz) * Laura Izibor

Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's YouTube Chili")!

Beyonce * Shakira * Jordin Sparks * Mariah Carey * New Boyz * Jason DeRulo * Mario ft. Gucci Mane & Sean Garrett * Katy Perry * The Black Eyed Peas * Colby Caillat * Fabolous ft. The Dream * Jason Aldean * Daughtry * Lady Gaga * Michael Franti & Spearhead Featuring Cherine Anderson * Boys Like Girls * Flo Rida Featuring Ne-Yo * Dorrough * Green Day * Linkin Park * Pink * Justin Bieber * Rob Thomas * Maxwell * Jason Mraz * Young Money * The Fray * Rascal Flatts * Zac Brown Band * Shinedown * Disney's Friends For Change * Toby Keith * Darius Rucker * Cascada * Billy Currington * Justin Moore * Kid Cudi Featuring Kanye West & Common * Keith Urban * Randy Houser * Drake Featuring Lil Wayne * Jeremih * Pearl Jam * Kelly Clarkson * George Strait * LMFAO * Twista Featuring Erika Shevon * Uncle Kracker * Eric Church * Jack Ingram * Love And Theft * Parachute * Chris Young * Theory Of A Deadman * Tim McGraw * Sean Paul * Gloriana * Creed * Ginuwine * Keyshia Cole Duet With Monica * Blake Shelton * Iyaz

2009 NCAA Basketball Tournament! List of NCAA Division 1 Teams & Coaches at 227!

America East Conference Albany - Will Brown Binghamton - Kevin Broadus Boston University - Dennis Wolff Hartford - Dan Leibovitz Maine - Ted Woodward New Hampshire - Bill Herrion Stony Brook - Steve Pikiell UMBC - Randy Monroe Vermont - Mike Lonergan 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! America East Conference

Atlantic 10 Conference Charlotte - Bobby Lutz Dayton - Brian Gregory Duquesne - Ron Everhart Fordham - Dereck Whittenburg George Washington - Karl Hobbs La Salle - John Giannini Rhode Island - Jim Baron Richmond - Chris Mooney St. Bonaventure - Mark Schmidt Saint Joseph's - Phil Martelli Saint Louis - Rick Majerus Temple - Fran Dunphy UMass - Derek Kellogg Xavier - Sean Miller 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Atlantic 10 Conference

Atlantic Coast Conference Boston College - Al Skinner Clemson - Oliver Purnell Duke - Mike Krzyzewski Florida State - Leonard Hamilton Georgia Tech - Paul Hewitt Maryland - Gary Williams Miami (Florida) - Frank Haith North Carolina - Roy Williams North Carolina State - Sidney Lowe Virginia - Dave Leitao Virginia Tech - Seth Greenberg Wake Forest - Dino Gaudio 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Atlantic Coast Conference

Atlantic Sun Conference Belmont - Rick Byrd Campbell - Robbie Laing East Tennessee State - Murry Bartow Florida Gulf Coast - Dave Balza Jacksonville - Cliff Warren Kennesaw State - Tony Ingle Lipscomb - Scott Sanderson Mercer - Bob Hoffman North Florida - Matt Kilcullen Stetson - Derek Waugh USC Upstate - Eddie Payne 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Atlantic Sun Conference

Big 12 Conference Baylor - Scott Drew Colorado - Jeff Bzdelik Iowa State - Greg McDermott Kansas - Bill Self Kansas State - Frank Martin Missouri - Mike Anderson Nebraska - Doc Sadler Oklahoma - Jeff Capel III Oklahoma State - Travis Ford Texas - Rick Barnes Texas A&M - Mark Turgeon Texas Tech - Pat Knight 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big 12 Conference

Big East Conference Cincinnati - Mick Cronin Connecticut - Jim Calhoun DePaul - Jerry Wainwright Georgetown - John Thompson III Louisville - Rick Pitino Marquette - Buzz Williams Notre Dame - Mike Brey Pittsburgh - Jamie Dixon Providence - Keno Davis Rutgers - Fred Hill St. John's - Norm Roberts Seton Hall - Bobby Gonzalez South Florida - Stan Heath Syracuse - Jim Boeheim Villanova - Jay Wright West Virginia - Bobby Huggins 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big East Conference Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Big Sky Conference Eastern Washington - Kirk Earlywine Idaho State - Joe O'Brien Montana - Wayne Tinkle Montana State - Brad Huse Northern Arizona - Mike Adras Northern Colorado - Tad Boyle Portland State - Ken Bone Sacramento State - Brian Katz Weber State - Randy Rahe 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big Sky Conference

Big South Conference Charleston Southern - Barclay Radebaugh Coastal Carolina - Cliff Ellis Gardner-Webb - Rick Scruggs High Point - Bart Lundy Liberty - Ritchie McKay Presbyterian - Gregg Nibert Radford - Brad Greenberg UNC-Asheville - Eddie Biedenbach VMI - Duggar Baucom Winthrop - Randy Peele 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big South Conference

Big Ten Conference Illinois - Bruce Weber Indiana - Tom Crean Iowa - Todd Lickliter Michigan - John Beilein Michigan State - Tom Izzo Minnesota - Tubby Smith Northwestern - Bill Carmody Ohio State - Thad Matta Penn State - Ed DeChellis Purdue - Matt Painter Wisconsin - Bo Ryan 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big Ten Conference

Big West Conference Cal Poly - Kevin Bromley Cal State Fullerton - Bob Burton Cal State Northridge - Bobby Braswell Long Beach State - Dan Monson Pacific - Bob Thomason UC Davis - Gary Stewart UC Irvine - Pat Douglass UC Riverside - Jim Wooldridge UC Santa Barbara - Bob Williams 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Big West Conference

Colonial Athletic Association Delaware - Monte Ross Drexel - Bruiser Flint George Mason - Jim Larranaga Georgia State - Rod Barnes Hofstra - Tom Pecora James Madison - Matt Brady Northeastern - Bill Coen Old Dominion - Blaine Taylor Towson - Pat Kennedy UNC-Wilmington - Benny Moss Virginia Commonwealth - Anthony Grant William & Mary - Tony Shaver 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Colonial Athletic Association

Conference USA East Carolina - Mack McCarthy Houston - Tom Penders Marshall - Donnie Jones Memphis - John Calipari Rice - Ben Braun Southern Methodist - Matt Doherty Southern Mississippi - Larry Eustachy Tulane - Dave Dickerson Tulsa - Doug Wojcik UAB - Mike Davis UCF - Kirk Speraw UTEP - Tony Barbee 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Conference USA Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Horizon League - Butler - Brad Stevens Cleveland State - Gary Waters Detroit - Ray McCallum Loyola (Chicago) - Jim Whitesell UIC - Jimmy Collins UW-Green Bay - Tod Kowalczyk UW-Milwaukee - Rob Jeter Valparaiso - Homer Drew Wright State - Brad Brownell Youngstown State - Jerry Slocum 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Horizon League

Independents Bryant - Tim O'Shea Cal State Bakersfield - Keith Brown Chicago State - Benjy Taylor Houston Baptist - Ron Cottrell Longwood - Mike Gillian New Jersey Institute of Technology - Jim Engles North Carolina Central - Henry Dickerson Savannah State - Horace Broadnax SIU-Edwardsville - Lennox Forrester Texas-Pan American - Tom Schuberth Utah Valley - Dick Hunsaker 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! NCAA Division I independent schools (basketball)

Ivy League Brown - Jesse Agel Columbia - Joe Jones Cornell - Steve Donahue Dartmouth - Terry Dunn Harvard - Tommy Amaker Penn - Glen Miller Princeton - Sydney Johnson Yale - James Jones 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Ivy League

Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Canisius - Tom Parrotta Fairfield - Ed Cooley Iona - Kevin Willard Loyola (Maryland) - Jimmy Patsos Manhattan - Barry Rohrssen Marist - Chuck Martin Niagara - Joe Mihalich Rider - Tommy Dempsey St. Peter's - John Dunne Siena - Fran McCaffery 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Mid-American Conference

Mid-American Conference Akron – Keith Dambrot Ball State – Billy Taylor Bowling Green – Louis Orr Buffalo – Reggie Witherspoon Central Michigan – Ernie Ziegler Eastern Michigan – Charles Ramsey Kent State – Geno Ford Miami – Charlie Coles Northern Illinois – Ricardo Patton Ohio – John Groce Toledo – Gene Cross Western Michigan – Steve Hawkins 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Mid-American Conference

Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Bethune-Cookman - Clifford Reed Coppin State - Ron Mitchell Delaware State - Greg Jackson Florida A&M - Mike Gillespie Hampton - Kevin Nickelberry Howard - Gil Jackson Maryland-Eastern Shore - Meredith Smith Morgan State - Todd Bozeman Norfolk State - Anthony Evans North Carolina A&T - Jerry Eaves South Carolina State - Tim Carter Winston-Salem State - Bobby Collins 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Missouri Valley Conference Bradley - Jim Les Creighton - Dana Altman Drake - Mark Phelps Evansville - Marty Simmons Illinois State - Tim Jankovich Indiana State - Kevin McKenna Missouri State - Cuonzo Martin Northern Iowa - Ben Jacobson Southern Illinois - Chris Lowery Wichita State - Gregg Marshall 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Missouri Valley Conference

Mountain West Conference Air Force - Jeff Reynolds Brigham Young - Dave Rose Colorado State - Tim Miles New Mexico - Steve Alford San Diego State - Steve Fisher Texas Christian - Neil Dougherty UNLV - Lon Kruger Utah - Jim Boylen Wyoming - Heath Schroyer 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Mountain West Conference

Northeast Conference Central Connecticut State - Howie Dickenman Fairleigh Dickinson - Tom Green LIU-Brooklyn - Jim Ferry Monmouth - Dave Calloway Mount St. Mary's - Milan Brown Quinnipiac - Tom Moore Robert Morris - Mike Rice Jr. Sacred Heart - Dave Bike St. Francis (PA) - Don Friday St. Francis (NY) - Brian Nash Wagner - Mike Deane 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Northeast Conference

Ohio Valley Conference Austin Peay - Dave Loos Eastern Illinois - Mike Miller Eastern Kentucky - Jeff Neubauer Jacksonville State - James Green Morehead State - Donnie Tyndall Murray State - Billy Kennedy Southeast Missouri - Zac Roman Tennessee-Martin - Bret Campbell Tennessee State - Cy Alexander Tennessee Tech - Mike Sutton 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Ohio Valley Conference

Pacific-10 Conference Arizona - Russ Pennell Arizona State - Herb Sendek California - Mike Montgomery Oregon - Ernie Kent Oregon State - Craig Robinson Stanford - Johnny Dawkins UCLA - Ben Howland USC - Tim Floyd Washington - Lorenzo Romar Washington State - Tony Bennett 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Pacific-10 Conference

Patriot League American - Jeff Jones Army - Jim Crews Bucknell - Dave Paulsen Colgate - Emmett Davis Holy Cross - Ralph Willard Lafayette - Fran O'Hanlon Lehigh - Brett Reed Navy - Billy Lange 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Patriot League

Southeastern Conference Alabama - Philip Pearson Arkansas - John Pelphrey Auburn - Jeff Lebo Florida - Billy Donovan Georgia - Pete Herrmann Kentucky - Billy Gillispie LSU - Trent Johnson Mississippi - Andy Kennedy Mississippi State - Rick Stansbury South Carolina - Darrin Horn Tennessee - Bruce Pearl Vanderbilt - Kevin Stallings 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Southeastern Conference

Southern Conference Appalachian State - Houston Fancher Chattanooga - John Shulman The Citadel - Ed Conroy College of Charleston - Bobby Cremins Davidson - Bob McKillop Elon - Ernie Nestor Furman - Jeff Jackson Georgia Southern - Jeff Price Samford - Jimmy Tillette UNC-Greensboro - Mike Dement Western Carolina - Larry Hunter Wofford - Mike Young 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Southern Conference Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Southland Conference Central Arkansas - Rand Chappell Lamar - Steve Roccaforte McNeese State - Dave Simmons Nicholls State - J. P. Piper Northwestern State - Mike McConathy Sam Houston State - Bob Marlin Southeastern Louisiana - Jim Yarbrough Stephen F. Austin - Danny Kaspar Texas A&M-Corpus Christi - Perry Clark Texas-Arlington - Scott Cross Texas-San Antonio - Brooks Thompson Texas State - Doug Davalos 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Southland Conference

Southwestern Athletic Conference Alabama A&M - L. Vann Pettaway Alabama State - Lewis Jackson Alcorn State - Samuel West Arkansas-Pine Bluff - George Ivory Grambling State - Larry Wright Jackson State - Tevester Anderson Mississippi Valley State - Sean Woods Prairie View A&M - Byron Rimm II Southern - Rob Spivery Texas Southern - Tony Harvey 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Southwestern Athletic Conference

The Summit League Centenary - Greg Gary IPFW - Dane Fife IUPUI - Ron Hunter North Dakota State - Saul Phillips Oakland - Greg Kampe Oral Roberts - Scott Sutton South Dakota State - Scott Nagy Southern Utah - Roger Reid UMKC - Matt Brown Western Illinois - Derek Thomas 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! The Summit League

Sun Belt Conference Arkansas-Little Rock - Steve Shields Arkansas State - Dickey Nutt Denver - Joe Scott Florida Atlantic - Mike Jarvis Florida International - Sergio Rouco Louisiana-Lafayette - Robert Lee Louisiana-Monroe - Orlando Early Middle Tennessee - Kermit Davis New Orleans - Joe Pasternack North Texas - Johnny Jones South Alabama - Ronnie Arrow Troy - Don Maestri Western Kentucky - Ken McDonald 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Sun Belt Conference

West Coast Conference Gonzaga - Mark Few Loyola Marymount - Rodney Tention Pepperdine - Vance Walberg Portland - Eric Reveno Saint Mary's - Randy Bennett San Diego - Bill Grier San Francisco - Rex Walters Santa Clara - Kerry Keating 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! West Coast Conference

Western Athletic Conference Boise State - Greg Graham Fresno State - Steve Cleveland Hawai?i - Bob Nash Idaho - Don Verlin Louisiana Tech - Kerry Rupp Nevada - Mark Fox New Mexico State - Marvin Menzies San Jose State - George Nessman Utah State - Stew Morrill 227's NCAA Basketball Tournament! Western Athletic Conference Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

227's YouTube "Chili!"

2Pac 50 Cent A Adam Tensta Akon Aaliyah Ashanti Andre 3000 B Bow Wow Bobby Valentino Beyonce Bone Thugs n Harmony Birdman (rapper) Busta Rhymes Bobby Fischer C Chris Brown Cherish Cassidy Chingy Chamillionaire Christina Milian Chrisette Michele Cashis Ciara Cypress Hill Calzone Mafia Cuban Link D Destiny's Child DJ Clue Demetri Montaque Danity Kane Day 26 Donnie D12 DJ Khaled Dr. Dre E E-40 Eminem Eazy-E F Fabolous Flo Rida Fat Joe Frankie J G G-Unit The Game H Hurricane Chris I Ice Cube J Jay-Z J.R. Rotem J Holiday Jordan Sparks K Kanye West Kelly Rowland keri hilson The Kreators L Lil' Kim Lil' Mo Lil Jon Lil Mama Lloyd Banks Lil Wayne Ludacris Lloyd Lil Mama Lil Eazy-E Leona lewis M MC Hammer Mike Shorey MF Doom Mariah Carey Mario Mary J. Blige N Ne-Yo Nate Dogg Niia N.W.A. Notorious B.I.G. Nas Nick Cannon Nelly Necro O Olivia Omarion Obie Trice Old Dirty Bastard P Public Enemy Plies P Diddy pink Pharcyde Q R Red Cafe Run DMC Ray J R Kelly Rihanna Rick Ross (rapper) S Sean Combs Sean Kingston Snoop Dogg Stargate Sean Garrett Suge Knight Soulja Boy Tell 'Em Stat Quo shakira T The Notorious B.I.G. Tupac Shakur Trina Tyrese T-Pain Three 6 Mafia T.I. Too Phat U Usher V V.I.C. W Warren G Wyclef Jean Wu Tang Clan will.i.am X Xzibit Y Young Jeezy Yung Berg Z

New at 227:

227's YouTube "Chili"-T.O."Terrell Owens" http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_t_o_terrell_owens_workout_reality_tv_nfl.html
227's YouTube "Chili"-Kristinia DeBarge "Goodbye" (NBA)! Kristinia DeBarge Songs/Kristinia DeBarge Hits/Kristinia DeBarge Lyrics/Kristinia DeBarge Remix/Kristinia DeBarge CD/Kristinia DeBarge at 227! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_kristinia_debarge_music_goodbye_lyrics_mtv.html
http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/u_tube_kristinia_debarge_goodbye_lyrics_nba_itunes.html
227's YouTube "Chili"-"Mulan"-Walt Disney (NBA)! Mulan Songs/Mulan Musical Hits/Mulan Animation/Mulan Cartoon Movie! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_mulan_walt_disney_make_man_out_of_you_song.html
227's YouTube "Chili"-Kevin Federline (NBA) "Exclusive Kevin Federline Interview"/Kevin Federline, Britney Spears Interview/Kevin Federline Music! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/utube_kevin_federline_exclusive_interview_britney.html
227's Reality TV Tube (NBA)! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_reality_tv_variety_et_online_hollywood_mtv.html
227's "Hollywood" (NBA) Entertainment (YouTube "Chili")! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_hollywood_entertainment_et_online_reporter.html
227's YouTube "Chili"-Jordan McCoy (NBA)-"American Juniors"/Jordan McCoy "Beyonce" Acoustic/Rihanna Acoustic/Britney Spears Acoustic/Jordan McCoy at 227! http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/youtube_jordan_mccoy_american_juniors_nba_acoustic.html
http://www.hoops227.atomicshops.com/u_tube_jordan_mccoy_diddy_just_watch_me_big_girls.html

227's YouTube "Chili" Classics!

227's YouTube "TKO (Boxing)"-Floyd Mayweather, Jr.! http://www.hoops227tv.com/youtube_tko_floyd_mayweather_jr_boxing_ring_champ.html
227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-WrestleMania XXIV 227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-List of WBC world champions 227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-Roger Mayweather 227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-Manny Pacquiao 227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-Ricky Hatton 227's YouTube "TKO" Boxing-Floyd Mayweather Jr.-Juan Manuel Márquez

Michael Jackson Bing Crosby U.S. The Beatles AC/DC ABBA Alla Bee Gees Bob Marley Celine Dion Cliff Richard The Drifters Elton John Herbert von Karajan Julio Iglesias Led Zeppelin Madonna Mariah Carey Elvis Presley Nana Mouskouri Pink Floyd The Rolling Stones Tino Rossi Wei Wei

Adriano Celentano Aerosmith Backstreet Boys Barry White Billy Joel Bon Jovi Boney M. The Carpenters Charles Aznavour Cher Chicago Dave Clark Five David Bowie Deep Purple Depeche Mode Dire Straits Dolly Parton The Eagles Electric Engelbert Humperdinck Fats Domino Fleetwood Mac The Four Seasons Frank Sinatra Garth Brooks Genesis George Michael Guns N' Roses James Last The Jackson 5 Janet Jackson Johnny Hallyday Kenny Rogers Lionel Richie Luciano Pavarotti Metallica Michiya Mihashi Mireille Mathieu Modern Talking Neil Diamond Olivia Newton-John Patti Page Paul McCartney Perry Como Pet Shop Boys Phil Collins Prince Queen Ricky Nelson Roberto Carlos Rod Stewart Salvatore Adamo Status Quo Stevie Wonder Teresa Teng Tina Turner Tom Jones U2 Valeriya The Ventures Whitney Houston The Who

Annie Lennox B'z Britney Spears Carlos Santana Dalida Earth, Wind & Fire Eddy Arnold Eminem Eurythmics Gloria Estefan Hibari Misora Journey Scorpions Van Halen Ace of Base Alan Jackson Country Alice Cooper Hard rock Andrea Bocelli Opera The Andrews Sisters Swing Ayumi Hamasaki Pop Black Sabbath Heavy metal Barbra Streisand Pop / Adult contemporary Beach Boys Rock Pop Bob Dylan Folk / Rock Bob Seger Rock Boston Arena rock Boyz II Men R&B Bruce Springsteen Rock Bryan Adams Def Leppard Destiny's Child R&B / Pop Dreams Come True Pop / Jazz Duran Duran Enya Ireland Four Tops George Strait Glay Iron Maiden Jay-Z Hip hop Jean Michel Jarre Jethro Tull Johnny Cash Kazuhiro Moriuchi Kiss Hard rock Kenny G Kylie Minogue Luis Miguel Linkin Park Meat Loaf Michael Bolton Mills Brothers Mötley Crüe Mr.Children Nat King Cole New Kids on the Block Nirvana 'N Sync Oasis Orhan Gencebay Pearl Jam Petula Clark Red Hot Chili Peppers The Police Ray Conniff Reba McEntire R.E.M. Richard Clayderman Ricky Martin Robbie Williams Roxette Sweden Shakira Colombia
The Seekers Australia Spice Girls Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers Tony Bennett T.Rex UB40 Vicente Fernandez Village People Willie Nelson Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

YouTube T.I. YouTube Christina Aguilera-"Chili" YouTube AC/DC-"cHiLi" YouTube Jay-Z "CHILI!" 227's-T-Pain! YouTube Chili!-The BEATLES! YouTube T.I. ReD HoT ChiLi PePpers! 227's-"Guns N Roses" ReD HoT ChiLi PePpers! 227's-Paris Hilton YouTube "ChiLi'-Beyonce Music Videos! YouTube "ChiLi'-Beyonce! 227's-Pussycat Dolls "J-Lo" Jennifer Lopez! YouTube "ChiLi'-Beyonce! YouTube Christina Aguilera Music Videos-"Chili" YouTube "cHiLi"-Chris Brown! uTube Country Taters! YouTube "cHiLi"-Chris Brown! YouTube "CHiLi"-Chris Brown! 227's YouTube NBA-Animation 227's-Miley Cyrus YouTube Jay-Z Music Videos! YouTube Jay-Z Music Videos! YouTube "ChiLi"-The Beatles! u Tube "Chili"-The Beatles! YouTube-The "Beatles!" Katy Perry "Hot N Cold" High-School Musical 50 Cent "Candy Shop" Miss Teen USA 2007 YouTube Evolution of Dance Video Break Dance Video

227's MLB-"HomeRun!" * 227's MLB-"HomeRun!" * 227's MLB-"HomeRun!" * 227's MLB-"HomeRun!" * 227's MLB-"HomeRun!"
Barry Bonds Jackie Robinson Rickey Henderson Hank Aaron Willie Mays Ken Griffey, Jr. Ozzie Smith Alex Rodriguez Bob Costas Tim Raines Cal Ripken, Jr. Sandy Koufax Pete Rose Lou Gehrig Babe Ruth Carl Yastrzemski Reggie Jackson 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game Jim Rice Joe Torre Ichiro Suzuki Greg Gumbel Vin Scully

227's Street Entertainment/Marketing * 227's Free Throw Challege * 227's FAQ! * Hoops 227 Club * 227's Sponsorship Hall of Fame! * Boise Polls! * Basketball Coupons/Savings * Boise Ads for Consumers! * Hoops 227 Ad Purchase * Sponsorship Opportunities & Money Savings! * 227's Global Basketball Directory * Boise Business Listing! * Great Coupons/Savings! * 227's NBA @ eBay! * NBA Bounce! * 227's YouTube Academic-The Ivy League Universities & Colleges! * 227's NBA Basketball Logos! * 227's UtuBe "Iceman George Gervin! * 227's WNBA Basketball! * 227's YouTube-Clyde "The Glide" Drexler! * eBasketball Assignments! * 227's eBasketball Class! * NBA-MVP Articles! * 227's YouTuBe NBA! * Hoops 227 Phoneraiser! * 227's Multimedia! * Hoops 227 Catalog! * 227's Video Arcade Games! * NBDL Bounce * 227's Homeless Project! * 227's Academic Forums for Kids! * Book Club 227! * 227's Collegiate Forum Speeches! * Recommend 227's Everything Basketball Website! * 227's Free School Suppies (Skool Stuff Giveaway)! * Hoops 227-Prep Basketball! * Hoops 227-Idaho Preps! * Join 227's eMail list! * 227's T-Shirt Entreprenuers * Hoops 227 T-Shirts! * Basketball Camp Registration! * Top NCAA Basketball Teams (Articles of NCAA Basketball)! * Jimmy V Foundation * Radio Stations * Yo Murphy * NBA All Stars! * Wilt Chamberlain * NBA Basketball (NBA Bounce)! * NCAA Basketball (NCAA Bounce)! * Boise's Soul Food Extravaganza! * Hoops 227-Multimedia * Hoops 227 Play Diagrams! * 227's Spiderman Catalog! * 227's Spiderman Catalog! * 227's Spiderman Catalog! * "The Hulk" Catalog * NCAA Basketball (NCAA Swish)! * NBA Jerseys (Throwbacks)! * 227's NFL-EA Sports! * Maryland Basketball * Kansas Basketball * NCAA Basketball uTuBe! * 227's uTuBe Chili-Fiction Blogs!

KBSU Radio * Boise Stallions Football! * KTIK 1350 Radio * Miss Idaho Teen USA! * Boise Weekly * Kristine Sutherland * KQFC 98 FM * KIZN Kissin' 92.3 FM * Boise County!  * Radio Stations in Idaho! * Idaho! * Anthony Thomas...Boise State's Great Point Guard! * Hyde Park, Boise, Idaho * Media in Boise! * Boise, Idaho Temple! * Boise, Idaho! * BSU's Kyle Wilson: Bronco Nagurski Trophy Watch List! * Boise Soul Food Extravaganza! * St.Luke's Women's Fitness Celebration * Jamaal Al-Din to complete B.A. Degree at Boise State University! * Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 and The ESPN Coaches Fundraiser! * Basketball Camps In Boise/Treasure Valley, Idaho * Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- 2nd Annual Summer Basketball Camp * 227's KTVB.Com (Idaho's NewsChannel 7) * 227's 2NewsTv.com (KBCI Channel 2 News) * 227's KIVI.com (Channel 6 News) * 227's KTRV.com (Fox 12 News) * Helping the Boise Homeless with Interfaith Sanctuary * A Meeting with Vincent Kituku! * Kidz and Coats at Ogata Chiropractic! * Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 Summer Basketball Camp * Free T-Shirts! * Treasure Valley Homecourt YMCA Gets Showers! * The Favorites of our Boise/Meridian/Treasure Valley YMCA * The Treasure Valley YMCA Strong Kids Campaign * Basketball Camps In Boise/Treasure Valley, Idaho *  Hoops Basketball Club 227 *  The Treasure Valley YMCA Strong Kids Campaign * JAMAAL AL-DIN'S HOOPS 227 and Free T-Shirts!

New Feature at 227: 227's FameFifteen News!
FameFifteen is a Boise, Idaho based website with news, features and videos on Boise's "Famous" (LOL!) Check it out- FameFifteen!

227's Boise Taters!

Julia Davis Park 2007 Hawai'i Bowl Ada County, Idaho Treasure Valley, Idaho Idaho City, Idaho 2007 Fiesta Bowl Borah High School Taco Bell Arena Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Boise, Idaho) Boise State Broncos football seasons J. W. Robinson National Interagency Fire Center  The Egyptian Theatre (Boise, Idaho)  2008 Boise State Broncos football  Media in Boise, Idaho  2007 Boise State Broncos football

Media of Boise...KTVB Idaho's Newschannel 7 with Doug Petcash, Dee Sarton, Maggie O'Mara, Carolyn Holly, Mark Johnson (sports) & Larry Gebert (weather)!

Media of Boise...KTRV Fox 12 with Shannon Paterson, Shayne Wells, Tami Tremblay, Dan Hamilton, Allison Warren, David Sleater, Christen Buckner, Jennifer Ganzalez, Nate Kuester and Ron O'Brien!

Media of Boise...KIVI Channel 6 with Don Nelson, Michelle Edmonds, Mellisa Paul, Michelle Stark, Lincoln Graves, Shane Johnson, Kelsey Minor, Rebecca Swart, Hanna Naito, Scott Dorval (weather), Joe Hughes and Randy "Makin It Rain" Simon (sports)!

Media of Boise...KBCI Channel 2 Eyewitness News with Natalie Hurst, Mike Murad, Adam Rodriguez, Kim Bartlett, Blake McCoy, Scott Logan, Paul Fredericks, Kiersten Throndsen, Nicole Navarro, Callie Zanandrie, Vanessa Brown, Brian Carrington, Jennifer Robbins, Jon Aaron (weather), J Bates and Troy Oppie (sports)!
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

Atlantic Stone Products, Inc.

As we look to expand basketball marketing, camps and clinics nationally, our basketball affiliate programs are scheduled to begin in March of 2008. Our affiliates, exciting, take a look at this list:  ebay, StubHub.com, Yahoo Affiliate Program!, TickCo Premium Seating, RazorGator Affiliate Program, SightSell, VistaPrint.com, Pokeorder and WeHaveSeats.com. Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 welcomes our affiliate partners for 2008. Among the items offered our NCAA & NBA basketball tickets both premium and discounted rates. Basketball shoes and apparel for kids, fans, players and coaches ranging from Air Jordans, LeBron James, NIKE, Adidas, AND1, hats, collectibles and memoralbilia! Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- The everything basketball website!

Jamaal Al-Din
jamaaalj@boise.usa.com
(208) 340-1839

227's You Tube- "Jordan" * 227's U Tube- "Magic" Johnson * 227's You Tube- Dominique! * 227's U Tube-NBA * 227's YouTube-NBA Dance Teams (Cheerleaders)! * 227's You Tube- And1 * 227's YouTube- Vince Carter! * 227's UTube-Dwight Howard * 227's YouTube-Dunks! * 227's You Tube Basketball Training *  227's U Tube-NCAA Basketball Moments! * 227's You Tube Virtual Basketball Clinics * 227's YouTube -"Shooting"

227's NBA-Bounce!

227's Atlanta Hawks-Bounce!   *   227's Boston Celtics-Bounce!   * 227's Charlotte Hornets-Bounce! *   227's Chicago Bulls-Bounce!    *   227's Cleveland Cavaliers-Bounce!   *   227's Dallas Mavaricks Bounce!   *   227's Denver Nuggets Bounce!   *   227's Detroit Pistons-Bounce!   *   227's Golden State Warriors-Bounce!   *   227's Houston Rockets-Bounce!   227's Indiana Pacers-Bounce!   *   227's Los Angeles Clippers-Bounce!   *   227's Los Angeles Lakers-Bounce!   *   227's Memphis Grizzlies-Bounce!   *   227's Miami Heat-Bounce!   *   227's Milwaukee Bucks-Bounce!   *   227's Minnesota Timberwolves-Bounce!   *   227's New Jersey Nets-Bounce!   *   227's New Orleans Hornets-Bounce!   *   227's New York Knicks-Bounce!   *   227's Orlando Magic-Bounce!   *   227's Philadelphia 76ers-Bounce!   *   227's Phoenix Suns-Bounce!   *   227's Portland Trail Blazers-Bounce!   *   227's Sacramento Kings-Bounce! *   227's San Antonio Spurs-Bounce!   *   227's Oklahoma City   *   227's Toronto Raptors Bounce!   *   227's Utah Jazz-Bounce!   *   227's Washington Wizards-Bounce!

Coach Jamaal Al-Din, owner of Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 covers interesting facts, features and news of every team in the NBA including the:

Atlanta Hawks   Boston Celtics    Charlotte Bobcats   Chicago Bulls   Cleveland Cavaliers   Dallas Mavericks   Denver Nuggets   Detroit Pistons   Golden State Warriors   Houston Rockets   Indiana Pacers   Los Angeles Clippers   Los Angeles Lakers   Memphis Grizzlies   Miami Heat   Milwaukee Bucks   Minnesota Timberwolves   New Jersey Nets   New Orleans Hornets   New York Knicks   Orlando Magic   Philadelphia 76ers   Phoenix Suns Tickets   Portland Trail Blazers   Sacramento Kings   San Antonio Spurs   Seattle SuperSonics (OKC)    Toronto Raptors   Utah Jazz   Washington Wizards

NBA Cities and Travel:
Atlanta, GA * Boston, MA * Charlotte, NC * Chicago, IL * Cleveland, OH * Dallas, TX * Denver, CO * Detroit, MI * Oakland, CA * Houston, TX * Indianapolis, IN * Los Angeles, CA * Memphis, TN * Miami, FL * Milwaukee, WI * Minneapolis, MN * East Rutherford, NJ * New Orleans, LA * New York, NY * Orlando, FL * Philadelphia, PA * Phoenix, AZ * Portland, OR  * Sacramento, CA * San Antonio, TX * Oklahoma City, OK * Toronto, Canada * Salt Lake City, UT  * Washington, D.C.

227's Sony PlayStation 2-NBA! * 227's XBOX-NBA! * 227's Sony PlayStation 3-NBA! * 227's XBOX-NBA! * 227's PlayStation Jam! * GameFly PlayStation Video Games-Free Trial! * GameFly PS2 & PS3 Video Games-Free Trial! * GameCube & Gameboy Video Games-Free Trial! * Nintendo 64 * 227's Nintendo Video Games from GameFly! * 227's Nintendo Series featuring GameCube & Gameboy! * Nintendo Wii at 227! * 227's NFL-EA Sports! * 227's PlayStation Jam! * Nintendo 64 * Nintendo 64
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!
Dakota Wizards * Sioux Falls Skyforce * Iowa Energy * Fort Wayne Mad Ants * Austin Toros * Erie Bayhawks * Colorado 14ers  * Tulsa 66ers * Albuquerque Thunderbirds * Rio Grande Valley Vipers * Reno Big Horns * Idaho Stampede  * Los Angeles D-Fenders * Bakersfield Jam * Anaheim Arsenal * Utah Flash

New Features at 227:
227's College Campus * 227's College Campus *  227's College Campus -Stubhub tickets to college sporting events, and a complete list of colleges and universities in the United States, including Puerto Rico and Canada at Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website! 227's College Campus
227's NFL Football- Stubhub NFL Football tickets, as well as updated NFL news and information at Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website!

227's Dallas Cowboys * 227's Indianapolis Colts * 227's Green Bay Packers * 227's New York Giants * 227's New England Patriots * 227's Baltimore Ravens * 227's Carolina Panthers * 227's Arizona Cardinals * 227's Oakland Raiders * 227's Kansas City Chiefs * 227's Pittsburgh Steelers * 227's San Diego Chargers * 227's Houston Texans * 227's Tampa Bay Buccaneers * 227's Chicago Bears * 227's Buffalo Bills * 227's Cleveland Browns * 227's Minnesota Vikings * 227's Philadelphia Eagles * 227's St. Louis Rams * 227's San Francisco 49ers * 227's Cincinnati Bengals * 227's Tennessee Titans * 227's New York Jets * 227's Miami Dolphins * 227's New Orleans Saints * 227's Atlanta Falcons

227's MLB Baseball- Stubhub MLB Baseball tickets, as well as updated MLB Baseball news and information at Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website!

227's New York Yankees * 227's Detroit Tigers * 227's Los Angeles Dodgers * 227's Chicago Cubs * 227's Boston Red Sox * 227's Kansas City Royals * 227's New York Mets * 227's Toronto Blue Jays * 227's Cincinnati Reds * 227's Seattle Mariners * 227's Atlanta Braves * 227's Philadelphia Phillies *  227's Florida Marlins * 227's Oakland Athletics *  227's Pittsburgh Pirates * 227's Cleveland Indians * 227's Texas Rangers * 227's San Diego Padres  *  227's Houston Astros * 227's San Francisco Giants * 227's Tampa Bay Rays * 227's Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim * 227's Arizona Diamondbacks * 227's Colorado Rockies * 227's Minnesota Twins * 227's St. Louis Cardinals *  227's Washignton Nationals * 227's Baltimore Orioles * 227's Chicago White Sox * 227's Montreal Expos * 227's Milwaukee Brewers

227's Animation Series on YouTube! * 227's Animation Videos * 227's Animation World * 227's Animation Cartoons * 227's Animation Kingdom * 227's Animation Videos * 227's Animationa Series on YouTube! * 227's Animation Cartoons

227's LinkTime- provides navigational links to basketball webpages throught the Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, everything basketball website!

New at 227:
Star Wars! DVDs & CDs! BUCKLE! FUBU! Kenneth Cole! MUDD Jeans! Levi's! Sean John! Perry Ellis! Roca Wear! Nike! Adidas! Dolce Gabbana! Eddie Bauer! Body Glove Water Sports! Christian Dior! Joe Boxer! FILA! Lacoste!

227's YouTube-Africa * 227's YouTube Japan  * 227's YouTube-China * 227's YouTube Canada * 227's YouTube Australia * 227's YouTube France 227's YouTube-Germany * 227's YouTube-Italy * 227's YouTube-Russia * 227's YouTube-United Kingdom * 227's YouTube-Mexico

227's Boise TV Tube!!!   *   227's Boise TV Tube!!!

227's uTuBe CHili-UFC "Ultimate Fighting Championship!" Featuring Kimbo Slice, Tito Ortiz, Seth Petruzelli and all of UFC's most exciting fighters!

227's YouTuBe-"Geo" graphic! * 227's YouTube-"Geo" graphic!

227's YouTube Chili-Political! Featuring Barack Obama & JohnMcCain

Music Artists at 227's You Tube Chili!!  / 227's U Tube Chilii! / 227's YouTube- Chiliii!:
YouTuBe "Chili!" * YouTube "Chili!" * YouTuBe "Chili!"

227's LinkTime-Chili!!! provides navigational 227 YouTube "Chili!" links to exciting music & entertainment video webpages throught the Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, everything basketball website!

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227's "JORDAN"-Cologne! * 227's "JORDAN"-Catalog!
227's YouTube-NBA
uTube Basketball California * YouTube Basketball New York * u Tube Basketball Texas * YouTube Basketball Michigan * YouTube Basketball Florida

227's Basketball Topixxx! Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website & home of 227's uTuBe Chili, featuring the world's most watched YouTube music videos!

NBDL (NBA Developement League)

? 227's YouTube "Chili" features these exciting YouTube music and entertainment celebrities...click onto to these 227 YouTube "Chili" links, channels and articles for the most watched YouTube hip-hop music videos in the world!

Mariah Carey Kardinall Offishall Madonna Whitney Houston Alvin & The Chipmunks
Chris Brown Michael Jackson 50 Cent Britney Spears Jerry Springer (Midget Fight)!
P-Diddy Elvis Presley Miley Cyrus Lil' Wayne Country Music Television (CMT)
Katy Perry NE-YO Coldplay Janet Jackson Alicia Keys Rihanna Madonna Akon Britain's Got Talent (BGT) 227's YouTube "Chili"
Rihanna Jonas Brothers Lloyd American Idol Nas (formerly Nasty Nas)
Beyonce Chris Brown Ellen DeGeneres Christina Aguilera Lady Gaga "Just Dance"
Rock-n-Roll Ice Cube Oprah Winfery Jordin Sparks Charlie The Unicorn
M.I.A. Harry Potter VH-1 Whitney Houston Spongebob
Will Smith Flo Rida Three 6 Mafia Leona Lewis Second Hand Serenade Metallica
Natasha Bedingfield   Taylor Swift   Keshia Cole   Sugarland   Avril Lavign         ICE CUBE

Sean Kingston, Justin Timberlake, M.I.A'"Paper Planes!" , Timbaland, 50 Cent, P-Diddy, Kanye West. Rihanna, Chris Brown, T.I.-"Big Things Poppin!" , Rihanna- Hate That I Love You (over 29 million views on YouTube)!, Leona Lewis, Soulja Boy, Britney Spears, Alicia Keys, Avril Lavigne, Alicia Keys- No One, Akon, NE-YO, LL Cool J, Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Dmx, Jay-z, The Notorious B.I.G, 2PAC, Will Smith, Jonas Brothers, Pink "So What!" , Jordin Sparks feta. Chris Brown- "No Air" Official Music Video-over 33 million views on YouTube!), Lil Jon- get low music movie, Ludacris, Ice Cube, Flo Rida feat. T.Pain Music from the Movie Step Up 2 "Low," Chris Brown*Chris Brown feat. T.Pain- Kiss Kiss (over 51 million views on YouTube)!, Chris Brown-"With You," Chris Brown feat. Lil' Wayne (over 56 million views on YouTube!, Chris Brown "YO," Chris Brown-Run It, Chris Brown- Forever, Wu Tang Clan, The Fugees, Jordin Sparks-Tattoo, Rhianna- Cry, Rihanna- unfaithful, Rhianna- Umbrella (over 43 million views on YouTube/You Tube)!, Ashanti, Fergie Fergalicious, Fergie- Clumsy!, Rhianna- Dont' Stop The Music (over 62 million views on YouTube), Avril Lavign- Girlfriend (over 92 million views on YouTube)!, Clay Aiken, Akon, Christina Aguilera-Hurt, Clay Aiken-On My Way Here, All-American Rejects, All-American Rejects-Move Along, All-American Rejects-It Ends Tonight, Ashley Parker Angel, Michael Jackson ("Thriller"), Backstreet Boys, Augustana, Natasha Bedingfeild, Michael Jackson, Natasha Bedingfield feat. Sean Kingston-Love Like This, Natasha Bedingfield-Pocketful of Sunshine and lots more at 227's YouTube Chili!!! Your source for the world's most watched YouTube Music Videos at Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227- the everything basketball website!

Also: Jesse McCartney, Ray J, Usher, Elliott Yamin, Jonas Brothers, Fergie, Taylor Swift, Nelly Furtado, Jennifer Lopez, Flyleaf, Maroon 5, Kanye West, Keyshia Cole, The Pussycat Dolls, Colby O'Donis, Ashanti, R. Kelly, Girlicious, Colbi Calliat, Boy George, Mario, Three Days Grace, Beyonce', Gorillaz, Carrie Underwood, 3 Doors Down, Finger Eleven, Ginuwine, Baby Bash, Kid Rock, Joe, Gwen Steffani, Billy Ray Cyrus, Danity Kane, Janel Parrish, Ciara, NLT, Fall Out Boy, Josh Turner, Fantasia and more!